{
  "abstract": "Background\n\nMolybdenum (Mo) and cadmium (Cd) can contaminate feed, water, and agricultural environments, thereby threatening food-producing animals. However, their combined effects on splenic mitochondrial homeostasis in ruminants remain unclear.Aims and objectives\n\nThis study aimed to investigate the effects of Mo and Cd, individually and in combination, on splenic injury, mitochondrial homeostasis, mitophagy-related markers, and ferroptosis-related alterations in sheep.Materials and methods\n\nSeventy-two 2-month-old lambs were randomly assigned to four groups: control, Mo, Cd, and Mo + Cd groups, and were orally administered 45 mg Mo•kg⁻¹ body weight and/or 1 mg Cd•kg⁻¹ body weight daily for 75 days. Splenic morphology, oxidative stress, iron metabolism, mitochondrial ultrastructure and dynamics, mitophagy-related markers, TBK1-OPTN-related signaling, and ferroptosis-related indices were evaluated.Results\n\nMo and/or Cd exposure induced splenic morphological alterations, including disorganized tissue architecture, indistinct red-white pulp boundaries, and thickening of the central arteriole wall. These changes were accompanied by decreased glutathione content and catalase activity and increased malondialdehyde, H₂O₂, 4-HNE, and Fe²⁺ levels. Transmission electron microscopy revealed mitochondrial cristae disruption, vacuolization, and shrinkage. GPX4, FTH1, and SLC7A11 expression decreased, whereas NCOA4 expression increased. Mo and Cd exposure also altered mitochondrial dynamics, increased PINK1, Parkin, and LC3B expression, reduced p62 expression, and enhanced PINK1-Parkin colocalization. Increased TBK1 phosphorylation, OPTN expression, and NCOA4-LC3B colocalization were also observed.Conclusion\n\nMo and Cd co-exposure impaired splenic mitochondrial homeostasis and was associated with coordinated mitophagy- and ferroptosis-related alterations in sheep.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Economic and Technological Development District, Nanchang, Jiangxi, P. R. China.",
    "Fujian Vocational College of Agriculture, Fuqing, Fuzhou, Fujian, P. R. China.",
    "Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou, Guangxi, P. R. China."
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 12,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Lingli Liu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Xueyan Dai"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Fan Yang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Chenghong Xing"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Zhiwei Xiong"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Feiyan Gao"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Chengcheng Peng"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Zhou Jiang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Kangyan Xu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Mingwen Hu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Haotang Li"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Huabin Cao"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/00xnxk9n4k7hk.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.4103/ijvsm.ijvsm_42_26",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13719181",
  "id": "00xnxk9n4k7hk",
  "issns": [
    "2314-4580",
    "2314-4599"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42960379",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC-SA",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC-SA",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Original Article"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2307|Heavy Metal Exposure and Toxicity"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7224845016",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13719181?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13719181",
  "pmid": "42960379",
  "published": "2026-09-29",
  "publisher": "Wolters Kluwer -- Medknow Publications",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/00xnxk9n4k7hk.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-01T00:20:52Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42960379",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42960379"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-02T12:23:03Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13719181",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.4103/ijvsm.ijvsm_42_26"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2307|Heavy Metal Exposure and Toxicity",
      "subfield": "pharmacology-toxicology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Molybdenum and Cadmium Co-exposure Impairs Splenic Mitochondrial Homeostasis and Promotes Ferroptosis-Related Injury in Sheep.",
  "title_text": "Molybdenum and Cadmium Co-exposure Impairs Splenic Mitochondrial Homeostasis and Promotes Ferroptosis-Related Injury in Sheep.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-02T12:23:03Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/00xnxk9n4k7hk",
  "venue": "International journal of veterinary science and medicine",
  "versions": []
}