{
  "abstract": "Transparent hydrogen-evolution electrodes are essential for photoelectrochemical and optoelectronic energy-conversion devices, yet typically suffer from a trade-off between catalytic activity and optical transmission. Here, we demonstrate that an ultralow loading of Pt single atoms (SA, 0.03 at%) directly anchored on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) via a reactive deposition delivers hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) kinetics approaching bulk Pt, while remaining optically invisible. At this low SA loading, HAADF-STEM directly resolves atomically isolated Pt sites, while x-ray photoelectron and absorption spectroscopy confirm exclusively cationic Pt δ+ (δ ≈ 2) in Pt-O 4 coordination. The Pt SA/FTO electrodes exhibit pH-universal HER activity, alongside turnover frequencies exceeding 500 s -1 at moderate overpotentials. Density Functional Theory calculations support the high stability of Pt SA/FTO and explain exceptional HER activity by optimized energetics of intermediate formation. Achieving comparable kinetics with conventional sputtered Pt films requires >1000-fold higher Pt loading and leads to substantial optical losses. Owing to its optical neutrality, the Pt SA/FTO electrode enables 2-3 × higher photocurrents than activity-matched Pt films when used as a counter electrode in sandwich-type photoelectrochemical cells. These results on Pt SA-decorated FTO thus describe a general strategy to unite noble-metal utilization, high catalytic efficiency, and optical transparency in electroand photoelectrochemical devices.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 9,
  "authors": [
    {
      "name": "Jihyeon Kim"
    },
    {
      "name": "Xin Zhou"
    },
    {
      "name": "Dmitry E Doronkin"
    },
    {
      "name": "Bidyut Bikash Sarma"
    },
    {
      "name": "Ana S Dobrota"
    },
    {
      "name": "Natalia V Skorodumova"
    },
    {
      "name": "Igor A Pašti"
    },
    {
      "name": "Jochen Schmidt"
    },
    {
      "name": "Patrik Schmuki"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/01d8wbcz5a88e.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1002/aenm.71493",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "01d8wbcz5a88e",
  "issns": [
    "1614-6832",
    "1614-6840"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://hal.science/hal-05756924v1",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "hal",
      "0.chim"
    ],
    [
      "hal",
      "1.chim.cata"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2105|Electrocatalysts for Energy Conversion"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7204100391",
  "pdf_url": "https://hal.science/hal-05756924/document",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-08-24",
  "publisher": "Wiley-VCH Verlag",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/01d8wbcz5a88e.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:17:36Z",
      "native_id": "hal-05756924",
      "source": "hal",
      "url": "https://hal.science/hal-05756924v1"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "chemistry",
      "origin": "hal:1.chim.cata",
      "subfield": "catalysis"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Pt single‐atom catalysts on FTO for optically invisible pH‐universal hydrogen evolution electrodes",
  "title_text": "Pt single‐atom catalysts on FTO for optically invisible pH‐universal hydrogen evolution electrodes",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:17:36Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/01d8wbcz5a88e",
  "venue": "Advanced Energy Materials",
  "versions": []
}