{
  "abstract": "This investigation aims to test the validity of general relativity (GR) on kiloparsec scales via galaxy-scale strong gravitational lensing (SGL) combined with multiple cosmological probes. To circumvent the circularity problem induced by the presumption of a cosmological model based on GR, we apply the distance sum rule in the Friedmann-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker (FLRW) metric to constrain the post-Newtonian parameter gamma PPN and spatial curvature Omega k independently of any cosmological model. The study introduces two methodological improvements: (i) parameterizing the dark-energy evolution factor with second-order Chebyshev orthogonal polynomials, which ensures uniformly high convergence across the full redshift baseline while retaining Omega k as an explicit free parameter; (ii) extending the original two-probe configuration (SGL + Type Ia supernovae) to a four-probe joint analysis that includes baryon acoustic oscillations and cosmic chronometers. Our results show that gamma PPN = 1.119 (+0.072/-0.072) and Omega k = 0.101 (+0.077/-0.076) at 68% confidence. The gamma PPN value is consistent with the GR prediction of unity at 1.7 sigma, while Omega k favors a mildly open universe, with flatness consistent at 2 sigma. Taking model-independent constraints as a benchmark, we quantify the systematic shift in gamma PPN induced by eight representative dark energy models, and find that all offsets are negligible, well below the baseline 1 sigma uncertainty, with no significant bias at current precision. These results confirm that conventional strong-lensing gravity tests introduce no measurable systematic bias, validating our model-independent framework.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": "2609.29377",
  "author_total": 4,
  "authors": [
    {
      "name": "Fu-you Zheng"
    },
    {
      "name": "Xiao-jun Gao"
    },
    {
      "name": "Hou-bing Tang"
    },
    {
      "name": "Wei Xiang"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/01hy3ckjx0dyj.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.48550/arxiv.2609.29377",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "01hy3ckjx0dyj",
  "issns": [],
  "landing_url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.29377",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "LicenseRef-arXiv-nonexclusive-1.0",
  "licence_label": "arXiv licence",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/",
  "metadata_licence": "CC0-1.0",
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "arxiv",
      "astro-ph.CO"
    ],
    [
      "arxiv",
      "gr-qc"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "3103|Cosmology and Gravitation Theories"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7214353193",
  "pdf_url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.29377",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-09",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/01hy3ckjx0dyj.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:28:36Z",
      "native_id": "2609.29377",
      "source": "arxiv",
      "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.29377"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "astronomy",
      "origin": "arxiv:astro-ph.CO",
      "subfield": "cosmology"
    },
    {
      "field": "physics",
      "origin": "arxiv:gr-qc",
      "subfield": "gravitation"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Joint Model-independent Constraints on the Post-Newtonian Parameter and Cosmic Curvature from Galaxy-scale Strong Lensing, SNe Ia, BAO, and Cosmic Chronometers",
  "title_text": "Joint Model-independent Constraints on the Post-Newtonian Parameter and Cosmic Curvature from Galaxy-scale Strong Lensing, SNe Ia, BAO, and Cosmic Chronometers",
  "type": "preprint",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:28:36Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/01hy3ckjx0dyj",
  "venue": "arXiv",
  "versions": []
}