{
  "abstract": "Purpose of review\n\nThis review critically evaluates evidence on sleep spindles (SP), slow oscillations (SOs), and their coordination in mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease (AD), focusing on their relationships with cognition, AD biomarkers, and their therapeutic potential.Recent findings\n\nLongitudinal studies associate greater SP and/or SO activity with better cognition and favourable amyloid and tau profiles after clinical onset. Spindle and SO coupling may index network integrity. Preserved NREM sleep oscillations are associated with lower orexin concentrations and weaker adverse relationships between orexin and cognitive and neuropsychiatric outcomes. Closed-loop acoustic stimulation and slow-oscillatory transcranial direct-current stimulation can modify SO activity, spindle activity, and coupling, although cognitive and biomarker benefits remain uncertain. Spindle-SO activity, including their temporal coupling, are associated with cognition and AD biomarkers across the disease continuum. Closed-loop acoustic and electrical stimulation can modify these oscillations, but biomarker-characterized trials in MCI and AD are needed to determine whether treatment produces durable cognitive and biomarker benefits.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Centre de Recherche de L'Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal (CRIUGM), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé Et Services, Sociaux du Centre-Sud-de-L'île-de-Montréal, Montreal, H3W 1W5, Canada. Doctorpaez289@gmail.com.",
    "Sleep, Cognition and Neuroimaging Laboratory, Concordia University, Montreal, H4B 1R6, Canada. Doctorpaez289@gmail.com.",
    "Nuffield Department for Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 2JD, UK. Doctorpaez289@gmail.com.",
    "Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. Doctorpaez289@gmail.com.",
    "Unitat de Trastorns Cognitius, Cognition and Behavior Study Group, Hospital Universitari Santa Maria Universitat de Lleida, IRBLleida, Lleida, 25198, Spain.",
    "Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, 25003, Spain.",
    "Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Fundació de Recerca Clínic - Institut d, Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, 08036, Spain.",
    "Department of Experimental Medicine, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, 25003, Spain.",
    "Centre de Recherche de L'Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal (CRIUGM), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé Et Services, Sociaux du Centre-Sud-de-L'île-de-Montréal, Montreal, H3W 1W5, Canada.",
    "Sleep, Cognition and Neuroimaging Laboratory, Concordia University, Montreal, H4B 1R6, Canada."
  ],
  "article_type": "review article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 4,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1,
        2,
        3
      ],
      "name": "Arsenio Páez"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4,
        5,
        6,
        7
      ],
      "name": "Gerard Piñol-Ripoll"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4,
        7
      ],
      "name": "Farida Dakterzada"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        8,
        9
      ],
      "name": "Thien Thanh Dang-Vu"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/01v0cnsm05vqv.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1007/s11910-026-01528-9",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13683253",
  "id": "01v0cnsm05vqv",
  "issns": [
    "1528-4042",
    "1534-6293"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42900250",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC-ND",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC-ND",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2805|Sleep and Wakefulness Research"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7223006910",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13683253?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13683253",
  "pmid": "42900250",
  "published": "2026-10-20",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/01v0cnsm05vqv.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:19:32Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42900250",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42900250"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biology",
      "origin": "openalex:2805|Sleep and Wakefulness Research",
      "subfield": "neuroscience"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Sleep Spindles and Slow Oscillations as Potential Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets in Mild-to-Moderate Alzheimer's Disease.",
  "title_text": "Sleep Spindles and Slow Oscillations as Potential Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets in Mild-to-Moderate Alzheimer's Disease.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:19:32Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/01v0cnsm05vqv",
  "venue": "Current neurology and neuroscience reports",
  "versions": []
}