{
  "abstract": "Recent simulations suggest that heavy seed black holes may form in weakly metal-enriched atomic cooling halos, where the supermassive-star progenitor and small-scale stellar fragments emerge nearly coevally. In this picture, the newly born heavy seed is naturally embedded in a metal-enriched Pop~I/II nuclear star cluster rather than in an isolated pristine environment. We investigate whether disk-induced tidal disruption events (TDEs) from these Pop~I/II stars can provide an efficient and sustained growth channel for heavy seed black holes. We construct a semi-analytical model for stellar orbital damping, disk capture, migration, and tidal disruption around a heavy seed black hole, and incorporate the resulting disk-induced TDE contribution into cosmological merger trees with baryonic and metallicity evolution. Heavy seed host halos are selected from atomic cooling halos with $Z\\lesssim10^{-3}Z_\\odot$ that satisfy either a rapid gas-inflow criterion or a strong Lyman--Werner radiation criterion. We find that disk-induced Pop~I/II TDEs can dominate the early growth of heavy seeds: the median black hole mass grows from $\\sim10^4\\,M_\\odot$ to $\\sim10^5\\,M_\\odot$ within the first $\\sim0.1$ Gyr after seed formation, and reaches several $10^5\\,M_\\odot$ by $\\sim0.2$ Gyr. The cumulative mass supplied by TDEs initially exceeds that from gas accretion and remains comparable over the first $\\sim200$ Myr. Including disk-induced TDEs shifts the black hole population toward higher masses, increases the abundance of massive black holes at $z\\sim9$--10, and produces larger black hole-to-stellar mass ratios. This channel helps alleviate, but does not fully remove, the tension between heavy-seed models and the most extreme high-redshift black hole candidates, suggesting that additional growth mechanisms may still be required.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": "2609.12619",
  "author_total": 7,
  "authors": [
    {
      "name": "Zijian Wang"
    },
    {
      "name": "Zhili Wang"
    },
    {
      "name": "Yiqiu Ma"
    },
    {
      "name": "Boyuan Liu"
    },
    {
      "name": "Zheng Cai"
    },
    {
      "name": "Mengye Wang"
    },
    {
      "name": "Qingwen Wu"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/02g2yjmv1v34b.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.48550/arxiv.2609.12619",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "02g2yjmv1v34b",
  "issns": [],
  "landing_url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.12619",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC-ND-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC-ND 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": "CC0-1.0",
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "arxiv",
      "astro-ph.GA"
    ],
    [
      "arxiv",
      "astro-ph.HE"
    ],
    [
      "arxiv",
      "gr-qc"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "3103|Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7213114855",
  "pdf_url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.12619",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-09-11",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/02g2yjmv1v34b.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:21:07Z",
      "native_id": "2609.12619",
      "source": "arxiv",
      "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.12619"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "astronomy",
      "origin": "arxiv:astro-ph.GA",
      "subfield": "galaxies"
    },
    {
      "field": "astronomy",
      "origin": "arxiv:astro-ph.HE",
      "subfield": "high-energy-astrophysics"
    },
    {
      "field": "physics",
      "origin": "arxiv:gr-qc",
      "subfield": "gravitation"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Heavy Seed Black Hole Growth in Metal-Enriched Halos through Disk-Induced Stellar Disruptions: A Semi-Analytical Modelling",
  "title_text": "Heavy Seed Black Hole Growth in Metal-Enriched Halos through Disk-Induced Stellar Disruptions: A Semi-Analytical Modelling",
  "type": "preprint",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:21:07Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/02g2yjmv1v34b",
  "venue": "arXiv",
  "versions": []
}