{
  "abstract": "Ethnic inequalities in cancer incidence and outcomes are widespread, although the evidence available for people in the UK is more limited than in some other countries. This narrative review details the current evidence relating to ethnicity and differences in primary care cancer diagnosis in the UK and possible contributing factors. In general, cancer rates are higher for White individuals than for Asian or Black individuals in the UK, but for some cancer sites, the inverse is true. There are also differences in stage at diagnosis by ethnic group for some cancer sites. The routes through which cancer inequalities emerge are complex and difficult to attribute to a single patient characteristic. A variety of social, demographic, genetic and health service factors interact to influence outcomes. There is a wide research base demonstrating that Asian and Black individuals in the UK can experience a range of obstacles when interacting with health care services, including cancer investigations. Future research evidence and health service planning needs to include a diverse range of stakeholders in order to decrease cancer inequalities.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Exeter Collaboration for Academic Primary Care (APEx), University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4SB, UK",
    "Genetics of Complex Traits (GOCT) Group, Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4SB, UK",
    "Centre for Primary Care and Health Services Research, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9QQ, UK",
    "Centre for Academic Primary Care (CAPC), University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2PS, UK"
  ],
  "article_type": "review article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 11,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Liz Down",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-2738-2710"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Melissa Barlow",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-0746-1868"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Sarah E. R. Bailey",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-0020-4778"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Auguster Irabor"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Callum Webb",
      "orcid": "0009-0002-6956-9169"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Luke T. A. Mounce",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-6089-0661"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Samuel W. D. Merriel",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-2919-9087"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Jessica Watson",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-8177-6438"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Ge Chen"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Lucy Kirkland"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Tanimola Martins",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-5226-4073"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/02wwrd92mkndq.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/cancers18203300",
  "fulltext_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13702150/?tool=EBI",
  "id": "02wwrd92mkndq",
  "issns": [
    "2072-6694"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/18/20/3300",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2730|Global Cancer Incidence and Screening"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7221688795",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13702150/pdf/?tool=EBI",
  "pmcid": "PMC13702150",
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-01",
  "publisher": "MDPI AG",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/02wwrd92mkndq.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:19:58Z",
      "native_id": "10.3390/cancers18203300",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/18/20/3300"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:21:47Z",
      "native_id": "PMC:PMC13702150",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13702150"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2730|Global Cancer Incidence and Screening",
      "subfield": "oncology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Understanding Ethnic Inequalities in Cancer Diagnosis in UK Primary Care: A Narrative Review",
  "title_text": "Understanding Ethnic Inequalities in Cancer Diagnosis in UK Primary Care: A Narrative Review",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:21:47Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/02wwrd92mkndq",
  "venue": "Cancers",
  "versions": []
}