{
  "abstract": "Insecticide resistance threatens effective pest management. In this study on Rhopalosiphum padi, a predominant wheat pest, a field-derived beta-cypermethrin-resistant strain (Beta-R strain) showed a 4623.50-fold resistance increase after 22 generations of beta-cypermethrin exposure and remained highly resistant (>4000-fold) after 40 generations without exposure. Beta-R strain exhibited a relative fitness of 0.92, high cross-resistance to lambda-cyhalothrin and bifenthrin, low-to-moderate resistance to sulfoxaflor, thiamethoxam, and imidacloprid, and negative or no resistance to omethoate and chlorpyrifos. The cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) and glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) contribute to this resistance. A homozygous spuer-kdr M918L mutation was identified in the IIS4-S6 region of the voltage-gated sodium channel gene in the Beta-R strain; however, transgenic Drosophila melanogaster assays showed that this mutation alone conferred only a 2.96-fold increase in beta-cypermethrin resistance. These findings show that resistant of R. padi to beta-cypermethrin can be retain high-level resistance without insecticide exposure, while also conferring high-level cross-resistance to other pyrethroids and low or negative resistance to other insecticides with different modes of action, with the resistance phenotype linked to upregulated P450/GST activities and an M918L mutation that makes only a minor contribution. These findings have significant implications for the management of resistance to pyrethroid insecticides in R. padi.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Henan Engineering Technology Research Center for Major Invasive Alien Species Prevention and Control, School of Plant Protection and Environment, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China.",
    "State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.",
    "The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management of Tropical Crops, Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China.",
    "State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China."
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 8,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Xinan Li",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-9080-9350"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Peipan Gong"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Zilan Zhao"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Fengfan Wang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Qiuchi Li"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Xiangrui Li"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Yunhui Zhang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Xun Zhu",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-7538-1528"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/03dvcxynbz4sa.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/insects17101029",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13705059",
  "id": "03dvcxynbz4sa",
  "issns": [
    "2075-4450"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42940938",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "1312|Insect Resistance and Genetics"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7221055484",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13705059?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13705059",
  "pmid": "42940938",
  "published": "2026-10-07",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/03dvcxynbz4sa.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:22:24Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42940938",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42940938"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biochemistry",
      "origin": "openalex:1312|Insect Resistance and Genetics",
      "subfield": "molecular-biology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Characterization of a Stably Maintained, Highly Beta-Cypermethrin-Resistant Strain of the Bird Cherry-Oat Aphid Rhopalosiphum padi (Hemiptera: Aphididae).",
  "title_text": "Characterization of a Stably Maintained, Highly Beta-Cypermethrin-Resistant Strain of the Bird Cherry-Oat Aphid Rhopalosiphum padi (Hemiptera: Aphididae).",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:22:24Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/03dvcxynbz4sa",
  "venue": "Insects",
  "versions": []
}