{ "abstract": "Arboviruses are pathogens of emerging/re-emerging infectious diseases. Half the world’s population is at risk. Recent African epidemics confirmed 19,569 cases with 820 deaths. In Ghana, Savannah Region had yellow fever (YF) outbreak in 2021. Reports revealed 35 deaths, 202 suspected cases (case fatality rate (CFR) = 17%), and 70 confirmed cases (CFR = 50%). This paper presents YF outbreak entomological investigations findings. A team with expertise in YF outbreak response were assembled and tasked to assess, contain and/or control the rapid spread of YF. Immature Aedes aegypti were collected in/around houses, and adult sampled using BG-Sentinel traps, oral aspirators and Prokopack. The chikungunya, dengue fever, YF, and Zika viruses screening using real time reverse-transcription PCR (detection limit <10 RNA copies/reaction) followed mosquitoes morphological identification. Breeding containers (12,264) were examined. Larvae (3,885) and pupae (1,186) were obtained from 173 containers (positivity rate = 1.26%). Larvae were identified with short and stout siphons. Pupae had short but distinct serrated spicules on paddle fringe and branched/fanlike (6–7 branches) seta 9-VIII. Out of 1,001 houses surveyed, 130 were positive for larvae/pupae (positivity rate = 12.99%). Receptacles included plastic [46.95% (6,529)], metallic [43.32% (6,024)], clay jar [5.42% (753)], tire [4.06% (565)], and well [0.24% (34)]. WHO larval indices thresholds (BI, CI, HI, and PDI) were used to assess risk. Exactly 1,571 adults were identified [Aedes aegypti aegypti (35), Aedes aegypti formosus (619), and Culex sp. (917)]. Outdoor collection were higher (86.4%) than indoors (13.6%). No arboviruses were detected. Generally, vector indices/densities suggested high-risk arbovirus transmission although vectors were not arbovirus positive. Aedes aegypti formosus was dominant. They are bridge vectors maintaining sylvatic YF cycles and spillover transmission. High risk for YF poses public health threat that calls for Aedes mosquito surveillance systems and vector control strategies. Ae. ae. formosus might be drivers for outbreak and/or YF transmission.", "abstract_shown": true, "affiliations": [ "Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana", "Biomedical and Public Health Research Unit, Water Research Institute, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Accra, Ghana", "Department of Biological, Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana", "Department of Animal Biology and Conservation Science, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana", "Acute Febrile Laboratory, Naval Medical Research Unit 3, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana", "Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana", "Department of Virology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana", "Department of Theoretical and Applied Biology, College of Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana", "Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom", "Department of Applied Biology, School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Technology and Applied Sciences, Navrongo, Ghana", "Savannah Regional Health Directorate, Damongo, Ghana" ], "article_type": "Research Article", "arxiv": null, "author_total": 24, "authors": [ { "affs": [ 0 ], "name": "Joseph Harold Nyarko Osei" }, { "affs": [ 1 ], "name": "Sellase Pi-Bansa" }, { "affs": [ 2 ], "name": "Kwadwo Kyereme Frempong" }, { "affs": [ 3 ], "name": "Mavis Ofei" }, { "affs": [ 4 ], "name": "Helena Anokyewaa Boakye" }, { "affs": [ 5 ], "name": "Jane Ansah-Owusu" }, { "affs": [ 6 ], "name": "Sandra-Candys Adwirba Akorful" }, { "affs": [ 7 ], "name": "Richard Odoi-Teye Malm" }, { "affs": [ 8 ], "name": "Christopher Nii Laryea Tawiah-Mensah" }, { "affs": [ 9 ], "name": "Mufeez Abudu" }, { "affs": [ 10 ], "name": "Andy Asafu-Adjaye" }, { "name": "Seth Offei Addo" }, { "name": "Bright Agbodzi" }, { "name": "Ronald Bentil" }, { "name": "Deborah Pratt" }, { "name": "Shirley Nimo-Paintsil" }, { "name": "Joseph Humphrey Kofi Bonney" }, { "name": "Maxwell Alexander Appawu" }, { "name": "Millie-Cindy Aba Aude Koffi" }, { "name": "Sylvester Coleman" }, { "name": "Millicent Captain-Esoah" }, { "name": "Chrysantus Kubio" }, { "name": "Daniel Adjei Boakye" }, { "name": "Samuel Kweku Dadzie" } ], "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/03g0md9cre6hf.bib", "cited_by": 0, "doi": "10.1371/journal.pgph.0007346", "fulltext_url": "https://journals.plos.org/globalpublichealth/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgph.0007346", "id": "03g0md9cre6hf", "issns": [ "2767-3375" ], "landing_url": "https://journals.plos.org/globalpublichealth/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgph.0007346", "language": null, "licence": "CC-BY-4.0", "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_source": "journal", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "metadata_licence": null, "native_subjects": [ [ "openalex", "2739|Mosquito-borne diseases and control" ], [ "plos", "/Biology and life sciences/Developmental biology/Life cycles/Larvae" ], [ "plos", "/Biology and life sciences/Developmental biology/Life cycles/Pupae" ], [ "plos", "/Biology and life sciences/Organisms/Eukaryota/Animals/Invertebrates/Arthropoda/Insects/Mosquitoes" ], [ "plos", "/Biology and life sciences/Organisms/Eukaryota/Animals/Invertebrates/Arthropoda/Insects/Mosquitoes/Aedes aegypti" ], [ "plos", "/Biology and life sciences/Organisms/Viruses/Arboviruses" ], [ "plos", "/Biology and life sciences/Species interactions/Disease vectors/Insect vectors/Mosquitoes" ], [ "plos", "/Biology and life sciences/Species interactions/Disease vectors/Insect vectors/Mosquitoes/Aedes aegypti" ], [ "plos", "/Biology and life sciences/Zoology/Animals/Invertebrates/Arthropoda/Insects/Mosquitoes" ], [ "plos", "/Biology and life sciences/Zoology/Animals/Invertebrates/Arthropoda/Insects/Mosquitoes/Aedes aegypti" ], [ "plos", "/Biology and life sciences/Zoology/Entomology/Insects/Mosquitoes" ], [ "plos", "/Biology and life sciences/Zoology/Entomology/Insects/Mosquitoes/Aedes aegypti" ], [ "plos", "/Medicine and health sciences/Epidemiology/Medical risk factors" ], [ "plos", "/Medicine and health sciences/Medical conditions/Infectious diseases/Disease vectors/Insect vectors/Mosquitoes" ], [ "plos", "/Medicine and health sciences/Medical conditions/Infectious diseases/Disease vectors/Insect vectors/Mosquitoes/Aedes aegypti" ], [ "plos", "/Medicine and health sciences/Medical conditions/Infectious diseases/Viral diseases/Arboviral infections" ], [ "plos", "/People and places/Geographical locations/Africa/Ghana" ] ], "openalex": "W7222305867", "pdf_url": "https://journals.plos.org/globalpublichealth/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pgph.0007346&type=printable", "pmcid": null, "pmid": null, "published": "2026-10-15", "publisher": "Public Library of Science", "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/03g0md9cre6hf.ris", "sources": [ { "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:17:23Z", "native_id": "10.1371/journal.pgph.0007346", "source": "plos", "url": "https://journals.plos.org/globalpublichealth/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgph.0007346" } ], "subjects": [ { "field": "biology", "origin": "plos:developmental biology", "subfield": "developmental-biology" }, { "field": "biology", "origin": "plos:zoology", "subfield": "zoology-behaviour" }, { "field": "medicine", "origin": "plos:infectious diseases", "subfield": "infectious-disease" } ], "title": "Entomological investigations into yellow fever outbreak in northern Ghana", "title_text": "Entomological investigations into yellow fever outbreak in northern Ghana", "type": "peer-reviewed", "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:17:23Z", "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/03g0md9cre6hf", "venue": "PLOS Global Public Health", "versions": [] }