{
  "abstract": "The development of sustainable high-performance energy storage systems (ESS) beyond lithium-ion technology has become a global priority due to lithium's geopolitical and supply-chain constraints. Among emerging alternatives, aluminum-ion ESS (Al-ESS) offer remarkable advantages, including aluminum's natural abundance, high theoretical volumetric capacity, and intrinsic safety. However, progress in Al-ESS is hindered by the scarcity of effective cathode materials capable of reversible Al-ion storage. In this context, covalent organic frameworks (COFs) offer tunable structures and abundant redox-active sites, which enable multi-electron reactions and fast ion transport. However, their practical implementation is often undermined by poor electronic conductivity and limited accessibility of redox centers. Herein, 2D donor–acceptor COF integrating electron-rich tetrakis(4-aminophenyl)-1,4-phenylenediamine (TPA) and electron-deficient naphthalenediimide (NDI) units is reported as an ambipolar cathode for Al-ESS. The highly crystalline, microporous framework exhibits intrinsic charge-transport pathways, enabling operation without conductive carbon-nanotube additives. COF TPA-NDI delivers a high specific capacity of 270 mAh/g, a specific energy of 447 Wh/kg, and exceptional cycling stability. Ex situ analyses reveal a reversible multi-electron redox process involving amine, imine, and carbonyl sites coordinating both cationic and anionic species. These findings demonstrate that donor–acceptor engineering in COFs can yield intrinsically conductive organic cathodes, providing a new design paradigm for next-generation Al-ESS.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 12,
  "authors": [
    {
      "name": "Cataldo Valentini"
    },
    {
      "name": "Verónica Montes‐garcía"
    },
    {
      "name": "Wojciech Kukułka"
    },
    {
      "name": "Saira Sarwar"
    },
    {
      "name": "Michał Bielejewski"
    },
    {
      "name": "Mateusz Wlazło"
    },
    {
      "name": "Rossella Greco"
    },
    {
      "name": "Viktorija Pankratova"
    },
    {
      "name": "Ignacio Pérez‐juste"
    },
    {
      "name": "Dawid Pakulski"
    },
    {
      "name": "Paolo Samorì"
    },
    {
      "name": "Artur Ciesielski"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/06g2sgvpbqf0z.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1002/aenm.71198",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "06g2sgvpbqf0z",
  "issns": [
    "1614-6832",
    "1614-6840"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://univoak.hal.science/hal-05740256v1",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "hal",
      "0.chim"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2505|Covalent Organic Framework Applications"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7165143313",
  "pdf_url": "https://univoak.hal.science/hal-05740256/document",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-09-02",
  "publisher": "Wiley-VCH Verlag",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/06g2sgvpbqf0z.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:17:29Z",
      "native_id": "hal-05740256",
      "source": "hal",
      "url": "https://univoak.hal.science/hal-05740256v1"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "chemistry",
      "origin": "openalex:2505|Covalent Organic Framework Applications",
      "subfield": "materials-polymers"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Donor–Acceptor Covalent Organic Framework Enables Ambipolar Charge Storage in Aluminum-Ion Energy Storage",
  "title_text": "Donor–Acceptor Covalent Organic Framework Enables Ambipolar Charge Storage in Aluminum-Ion Energy Storage",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:17:29Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/06g2sgvpbqf0z",
  "venue": "Advanced Energy Materials",
  "versions": []
}