{
  "abstract": "We give a new rigorous construction of outer trapped surface formation in smooth vacuum spacetimes without symmetry assumptions. The outer trapped surface is produced by the collision of two transversely localized, nearly plane-fronted gravitational waves described by short pulse data. The outer trapped surface is obtained by joining two smooth pieces along a curve with their future-directed outer null normals matching continuously. The incompleteness of the maximal future development is then established by adapting Penrose's original argument. This construction is inspired by Penrose's argument in constructing a marginally outer trapped surface in the collision of two ultra-relativistic particles modeled by the Aichelburg--Sexl solution.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": "2610.26320",
  "author_total": 1,
  "authors": [
    {
      "name": "Junbin Li"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/07wawpj0ysyex.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.48550/arxiv.2610.26320",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "07wawpj0ysyex",
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  "landing_url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.26320",
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  "metadata_licence": "CC0-1.0",
  "native_subjects": [
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      "arxiv",
      "gr-qc"
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      "math-ph"
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      "math.AP"
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      "3103|Relativity and Gravitational Theory"
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  "openalex": "W7223007945",
  "pdf_url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2610.26320",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-19",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/07wawpj0ysyex.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:30:52Z",
      "native_id": "2610.26320",
      "source": "arxiv",
      "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.26320"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "mathematics",
      "origin": "arxiv:math.AP",
      "subfield": "analysis-pdes"
    },
    {
      "field": "mathematics",
      "origin": "arxiv:math.DG",
      "subfield": "geometry-topology"
    },
    {
      "field": "mathematics",
      "origin": "arxiv:math-ph",
      "subfield": "mathematical-physics"
    },
    {
      "field": "physics",
      "origin": "arxiv:gr-qc",
      "subfield": "gravitation"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Outer trapped surface formation from gravitational waves collision",
  "title_text": "Outer trapped surface formation from gravitational waves collision",
  "type": "preprint",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:33:44Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/07wawpj0ysyex",
  "venue": "arXiv",
  "versions": []
}