{
  "abstract": "Introduction: Health and well-being are associated with socioeconomic conditions, nutrition, and lifestyle behaviors. Although self-employment has become increasingly prevalent in developing economies, its implications for health remain unclear, particularly through nutrition- and lifestyle-related pathways. This study examines the associations between employment arrangements and self-rated health, dietary diversity, and lifestyle behaviors in Thailand, with particular attention to dietary behaviors.\n\nMethods: Data were drawn from the Thailand Health and Welfare Survey. Ordered probit models and an instrumental variable approach were employed to examine the associations between self-employment and self-rated health, dietary diversity, physical activity, smoking, and alcohol consumption. Heterogeneity across types of self-employment was also assessed by distinguishing employer self-employed individuals from solo self-employed workers.\n\nResults: Self-employment was associated with lower self-rated health and lower dietary diversity, indicating less varied diets. Self-employed individuals also exhibited less favorable lifestyle behaviors, including lower physical activity and higher probabilities of smoking and alcohol consumption. These associations varied by type of self-employment. Employer self-employed individuals tended to maintain healthier behaviors and better health outcomes, whereas solo self-employed workers were more vulnerable to lower dietary diversity and adverse health conditions.\n\nDiscussion: The findings indicate that employment type is an important structural factor associated with nutrition, lifestyle behaviors, and health inequalities. Policies aimed at improving population health should integrate labor-market interventions with nutrition- and lifestyle-oriented strategies, with particular attention to vulnerable groups of solo self-employed workers.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "School of Business Administration, Xinjiang University of Science and Technology , ,",
    "Rattana Bundit University , ,",
    "INTI International University , ,"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 4,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Kai Yao"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Wei Chen"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Chenxi Bao"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Yujie Shi"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/0awgvgk9rwe1v.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3389/fnut.2026.1889959",
  "fulltext_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13719413/?tool=EBI",
  "id": "0awgvgk9rwe1v",
  "issns": [
    "2296-861X"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13719413",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Original Research"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "3600|Employment and Welfare Studies"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7222454296",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13719413/pdf/?tool=EBI",
  "pmcid": "PMC13719413",
  "pmid": "42964196",
  "published": "2026-10-16",
  "publisher": "Frontiers Media SA",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/0awgvgk9rwe1v.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-31T12:21:36Z",
      "native_id": "PMC:PMC13719413",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13719413"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-02T12:23:23Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13719413",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2026.1889959"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [],
  "title": "Integrating nutrition and lifestyle: associations between employment type and health behaviors",
  "title_text": "Integrating nutrition and lifestyle: associations between employment type and health behaviors",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-03T12:20:29Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/0awgvgk9rwe1v",
  "venue": "Frontiers in nutrition",
  "versions": []
}