{
  "abstract": "Oleanolic acid (OA) possesses hepatoprotective properties, but its clinical application is hampered by poor aqueous solubility. This study aimed to enhance OA solubility and investigate its therapeutic mechanism for NAFLD by encapsulating it in a γ-cyclodextrin metal–organic framework (OA@CDMOF). The OA@CDMOF complex was synthesized and characterized. Its effects on a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced NAFLD mouse model (MOD) were evaluated by combined liver metabolomics and 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing analyses. When encapsulated into CDMOF to yield an OA@CDMOF complex, the solubility of OA significantly improved. OA@CDMOF administration ameliorated HFD-induced metabolic alterations and liver injury. It modulated the gut microbiota composition, notably enriching the phylum Firmicutes while decreasing the abundance of Bacteroidota. Liver metabolomic analysis revealed that OA@CDMOF was associated with changes in metabolites related to glycerophospholipid, purine, glutathione, and vitamin B6 metabolism. Furthermore, it was associated with changes in metabolites related to lipolysis in adipocytes, pentose and glucuronate interconversions, and key signaling pathways, including AMPK, FoxO, and cGMP-PKG. Importantly, OA@CDMOF showed protective effects comparable to those of free OA, with no statistically significant difference between the two groups. This study elucidates the mechanism by which OA@CDMOF alleviates NAFLD through modulation of the gut microbiome and host metabolism. Our findings provide novel insights into the hepatoprotective role of OA@CDMOF and suggest a promising nanostrategy for NAFLD intervention.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Key Laboratory of Innovative Applications of Bioresources and Functional Molecules of Jiangsu Province, College of Life Science and Chemistry, Jiangsu Second Normal University, Nanjing 211200, China",
    "Key Laboratory of Food Contact Materials Safety, State Administration for Market Regulation, Jiangsu Product Quality Testing & Inspection Institute, Nanjing 210007, China",
    "Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing 210023, China",
    "School of Ecology and Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China",
    "School of Food Science, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University, Nanjing 211171, China",
    "Jiangsu Sanshu Biotechnology Go., Ltd., No. 259 Shibei Gaoxin Road, Chongchuan District, Nantong 226001, China"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 12,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Hua Zhu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Minmin Tang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Meng Li"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Zhenhua Zhang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Liqin Kang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Qiaona Wang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Renlei Wang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Chun Hua"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Huiming Zhou"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5
      ],
      "name": "Wenzhi Zhou"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5
      ],
      "name": "Yinliang Wu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Zhenjiong Wang",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-3617-6732"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/0bt1140rhpw11.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/molecules31203663",
  "fulltext_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13707472/?tool=EBI",
  "id": "0bt1140rhpw11",
  "issns": [
    "1420-3049"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/31/20/3663",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "lcc",
      "QD241-441"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2713|Liver Disease Diagnosis and Treatment"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7221585858",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13707472/pdf/?tool=EBI",
  "pmcid": "PMC13707472",
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-01",
  "publisher": "MDPI AG",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/0bt1140rhpw11.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:18:42Z",
      "native_id": "10.3390/molecules31203663",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/31/20/3663"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:21:40Z",
      "native_id": "PMC:PMC13707472",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13707472"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-31T14:21:34Z",
      "native_id": "056333ad06b4480e82c81f0f6d70891f",
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      "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31203663"
    }
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  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2713|Liver Disease Diagnosis and Treatment",
      "subfield": "epidemiology-public-health"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Oleanolic Acid-Loaded Cyclodextrin Metal–Organic Framework Ameliorates NAFLD via Modulation of Gut Microbiota and Liver Metabolism",
  "title_text": "Oleanolic Acid-Loaded Cyclodextrin Metal–Organic Framework Ameliorates NAFLD via Modulation of Gut Microbiota and Liver Metabolism",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-31T14:21:34Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/0bt1140rhpw11",
  "venue": "Molecules",
  "versions": []
}