{
  "abstract": "Background\n\nNocturia and depression commonly coexist and may share underlying pathways. We examined the cross-sectional association between nocturia frequency and clinically relevant depressive symptoms.Methods\n\nWe analyzed 4,162 adults from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2021-2023. Nocturia was categorized as 0, 1, 2, or ≥3 voids/night; a Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) score ≥10 defined clinically relevant depressive symptoms. Survey-weighted logistic regression, an ordinal trend test, and subgroup analyses were conducted. A Chinese cohort (n = 255) was used for exploratory sleep-pathway analyses. A sensitivity analysis used a modified Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) score excluding the sleep-disturbance component, which includes the nocturnal bathroom-use item.Results\n\nIn the fully adjusted complex survey model, two voids/night (OR: 1.42; 95% CI: 1.05-1.92; p = 0.026) and ≥3 voids/night (OR: 1.83; 95% CI: 1.40-2.40; p < 0.001) were associated with higher odds of clinically relevant depressive symptoms, with an ordinal trend (p < 0.001). An exploratory age interaction was observed (Wald p for interaction = 0.043). In the Chinese exploratory cohort, the unstandardized indirect effect through total PSQI score was 0.244 (bootstrap 95% CI 0.094-0.426), whereas the total and direct effects were non-significant. A sensitivity analysis excluding the PSQI sleep-disturbance component yielded a smaller but still positive indirect effect (0.181; bootstrap 95% CI 0.053-0.342).Conclusions\n\nFrequent nocturia was cross-sectionally associated with clinically relevant depressive symptoms. The Chinese exploratory outpatient cohort provided exploratory support for a sleep-related statistical pathway, which was attenuated but remained positive after excluding the PSQI sleep-disturbance component. These findings highlight nocturia as a clinically relevant symptom linking urinary, sleep, and mental health, while longitudinal studies are needed to clarify temporal and causal relationships.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Urology, Jingzhou Hospital Affiliated to Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China.",
    "Department of Cardiology, Xiantao First People's Hospital, Xiantao, Hubei, China."
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 6,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Cong Cheng"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Yichi Yang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Tao Yang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Jinmin Zeng"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Youji Yan"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Yixiang Liao"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/0cbgpta3dgyae.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3389/fpubh.2026.1801592",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13683188",
  "id": "0cbgpta3dgyae",
  "issns": [
    "2296-2565"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42908671",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2748|Urinary Bladder and Prostate Research"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7220834570",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13683188?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13683188",
  "pmid": "42908671",
  "published": "2026-10-07",
  "publisher": "Frontiers Media SA",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/0cbgpta3dgyae.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:19:57Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42908671",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42908671"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:20:22Z",
      "native_id": "10.3389/fpubh.2026.1801592",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2026.1801592/full"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "issn:2296-2565",
      "subfield": "epidemiology-public-health"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Association between nocturia frequency and depression in adults: evidence from NHANES 2021-2023 and a Chinese exploratory cohort.",
  "title_text": "Association between nocturia frequency and depression in adults: evidence from NHANES 2021-2023 and a Chinese exploratory cohort.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:20:22Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/0cbgpta3dgyae",
  "venue": "Frontiers in public health",
  "versions": []
}