{
  "abstract": "Background: Prospective evidence on factors associated with early-onset Parkinson’s disease (EOPD) remains limited. We aimed to identify factors associated with incident EOPD and compare their associations with late-onset Parkinson’s disease (LOPD).\n\nMethods: This prospective cohort study included 283,934 participants aged <60 years and free of Parkinson’s disease at baseline. Thirty-eight prespecified factors were evaluated using Cox regression with Benjamini–Hochberg false discovery rate correction, followed by an exploratory mutually adjusted analysis. Sex-stratified and EOPD–LOPD comparative analyses were conducted, and sensitivity analyses excluded EOPD events occurring within the first 2 or 5 years of follow-up.\n\nResults: During 2,298,992 person-years of follow-up, 168 participants developed EOPD. After mutual adjustment, EOPD was associated with older age [hazard ratio (HR) per year, 1.15; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.10–1.20], male sex (HR, 1.93; 95% CI, 1.41–2.64), a higher polygenic risk score (HR per unit, 1.53; 95% CI, 1.31–1.78), family history of Parkinson’s disease (HR, 4.03; 95% CI, 2.49–6.50), anxiety (HR, 2.48; 95% CI, 1.60–3.86), constipation (HR, 4.90; 95% CI, 3.31–7.25), and autoimmune disease burden (HR per category, 1.98; 95% CI, 1.32–2.96). Associations with handgrip strength, hypertension, and migraine were attenuated after mutual adjustment. The principal associations were broadly consistent after excluding EOPD events occurring within the first 2 and 5 years of follow-up. Interaction tests suggested stronger associations of family history, constipation, and autoimmune disease burden with EOPD than with LOPD.\n\nConclusion: EOPD showed a distinct profile of associated risk factors, particularly greater autoimmune disease burden and familial susceptibility. These findings support heterogeneity in Parkinson’s disease according to age at onset.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University",
    "Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University",
    "Department of Neurosurgery, 3201 Hospital",
    "School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University",
    "Xi’an Medical University"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 6,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Lu-Yao Li"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Zhe-Ming Yue"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1,
        3
      ],
      "name": "Bo-Wen Zhang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Fei-Yang Wang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        4
      ],
      "name": "Shou-Ping Gong"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Yong-Xin Li"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/0cqs5s5mxpte9.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3389/fneur.2026.1938082",
  "fulltext_url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fneur.2026.1938082/full",
  "id": "0cqs5s5mxpte9",
  "issns": [
    "1664-2295"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fneur.2026.1938082/full",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "lcc",
      "RC346-429"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": null,
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-11-02",
  "publisher": "Frontiers Media SA",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/0cqs5s5mxpte9.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-02T12:24:08Z",
      "native_id": "10.3389/fneur.2026.1938082",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fneur.2026.1938082/full"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-02T14:21:09Z",
      "native_id": "0569182e304940579d64554eb8923295",
      "source": "doaj",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2026.1938082"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "lcc:RC346-429",
      "subfield": "neurology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Risk factors for early-onset Parkinson’s disease",
  "title_text": "Risk factors for early-onset Parkinson’s disease",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-04T14:20:11Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/0cqs5s5mxpte9",
  "venue": "Frontiers in Neurology",
  "versions": []
}