{
  "abstract": "We identify near-extremal black-hole formation directly from observables at future null infinity. Fully nonlinear evolutions of the spherically symmetric Einstein--Maxwell--charged scalar system in 3+1 dimensions form black holes with charge-to-mass ratios up to 0.993 from regular, horizon-free, superextremal initial data. Quasinormal frequencies and redshift decay independently recover the near-extremal charge-to-mass ratio. Critical mass scaling is recovered at null infinity and charge scaling at the apparent horizon. The charged scalar Newman--Penrose quantity obeys an asymptotic balance law that replaces the conservation law of the neutral theory.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": "2610.23486",
  "author_total": 4,
  "authors": [
    {
      "name": "Thomas Mädler"
    },
    {
      "name": "Radouane Gannouji"
    },
    {
      "name": "Steven L. Liebling"
    },
    {
      "name": "Emanuel Gallo"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/0d4cfa6jh9bxz.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.48550/arxiv.2610.23486",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "0d4cfa6jh9bxz",
  "issns": [],
  "landing_url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.23486",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC0-1.0",
  "licence_label": "CC0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/",
  "metadata_licence": "CC0-1.0",
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "arxiv",
      "gr-qc"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "3106|Black Holes and Theoretical Physics"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7222976294",
  "pdf_url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2610.23486",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-16",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/0d4cfa6jh9bxz.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:30:32Z",
      "native_id": "2610.23486",
      "source": "arxiv",
      "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.23486"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "physics",
      "origin": "arxiv:gr-qc",
      "subfield": "gravitation"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Near-Extremal Black-Hole Formation Observed from Null Infinity",
  "title_text": "Near-Extremal Black-Hole Formation Observed from Null Infinity",
  "type": "preprint",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:33:28Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/0d4cfa6jh9bxz",
  "venue": "arXiv",
  "versions": []
}