{
  "abstract": "Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) affects not only the lungs but also the lung–brain axis, leading to neuroinflammation and white matter dysmaturation. Current therapies for BPD treat the lung manifestations but do not address the multi-organistic signaling network essential for neonatal development. Here, we describe a regenerative medicine-based approach to treat BPD by employing the extracellular vesicle (EV) and choline pathways to restore developmental homeostasis. Mesenchymal cell-derived EVs transport bioactive lipids, proteins, and microRNAs to target cells to resolve inflammation and stabilize the endothelial barrier. At the same time, choline and its derivatives regulate phosphatidylcholine and S-adenosylmethionine synthesis to preserve cellular membrane integrity and epigenetic marks. The systems-pharmacology hypothesis that EV-mediated signaling and choline-dependent phospholipid and one-carbon metabolism may have complementary effects on inflammatory, vascular, and neurodevelopmental pathways is supported by available mechanistic evidence. Thus, the combined effect of the EV and choline pathways represents a highly translational and network-based therapy to treat BPD and protect the lung–brain axis.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, Rajasthan, India",
    "Department of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, Rajasthan, India",
    "Department of Pharmacy, Dr. Dayaram Patel Pharmacy College, Surat, Gujrat, India"
  ],
  "article_type": "review article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 7,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Radhika Joshi"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Aarti Deshwal"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Hitisha Sharma"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Manshi Kesharwani"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Swati Paliwal"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Devesh U Kapoor",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-4085-8936"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Swapnil Sharma"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/0dj73qjcvxp7f.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.2147/ijn.s639450",
  "fulltext_url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13722048/",
  "id": "0dj73qjcvxp7f",
  "issns": [
    "1176-9114",
    "1178-2013"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.2147/ijn.s639450",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Review"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2740|Neonatal Respiratory Health Research"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7223689869",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.dovepress.com/article/download/121378",
  "pmcid": "PMC13722048",
  "pmid": "42965167",
  "published": "2026-10-26",
  "publisher": "Dove Press",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/0dj73qjcvxp7f.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-03T12:22:38Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13722048",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.2147/ijn.s639450"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2740|Neonatal Respiratory Health Research",
      "subfield": "general"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Extracellular Vesicles and Choline Metabolism in Neonatal Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia: A Systems-Pharmacology Framework for Regenerative Therapy",
  "title_text": "Extracellular Vesicles and Choline Metabolism in Neonatal Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia: A Systems-Pharmacology Framework for Regenerative Therapy",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-03T12:22:38Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/0dj73qjcvxp7f",
  "venue": "International Journal of Nanomedicine",
  "versions": []
}