{
  "abstract": "Core-collapse supernovae can be powerful sources of high-frequency gravitational waves (GWs) as the extreme temperatures and densities in the core allow a considerable number of gravitons to be produced thermally. We present the first systematic calculation of the thermal GW spectrum of a core-collapse supernova. By evaluating the dominant emission channels---including electron and proton photoproduction ($γe^{-}\\to he^{-}$, $γp\\to h\\,p$) and gravitational bremsstrahlung ($e^{-}p\\to e^{-}p\\,h$, $e^{-}e^{-}\\to e^{-}e^{-}h$)---we find that a core-collapse supernova generates a total thermal GW luminosity of $1.27\\times10^{26}$ W, approximately 18 orders of magnitude larger than that of the Sun. The thermal GW spectrum peaks at energies of $\\mathcal{O}(0.1\\,{\\rm GeV})$, extending the predicted spectrum of known GW sources to an unprecedented high-frequency regime. Our results provide a benchmark thermal GW spectrum at the high-frequency frontier.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": "2610.30984",
  "author_total": 3,
  "authors": [
    {
      "name": "Xun-Jie Xu"
    },
    {
      "name": "Yong Xu"
    },
    {
      "name": "Qiqin Yin"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/0e17btrm9w6d9.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.48550/arxiv.2610.30984",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "0e17btrm9w6d9",
  "issns": [],
  "landing_url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.30984",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "LicenseRef-arXiv-nonexclusive-1.0",
  "licence_label": "arXiv licence",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/",
  "metadata_licence": "CC0-1.0",
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "arxiv",
      "hep-ph"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "3103|Pulsars and Gravitational Waves Research"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7223373971",
  "pdf_url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2610.30984",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-22",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/0e17btrm9w6d9.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:34:34Z",
      "native_id": "2610.30984",
      "source": "arxiv",
      "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.30984"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "physics",
      "origin": "arxiv:hep-ph",
      "subfield": "high-energy"
    }
  ],
  "title": "At the Highest-Frequency Frontier: Thermal Gravitational Waves from Supernovae",
  "title_text": "At the Highest-Frequency Frontier: Thermal Gravitational Waves from Supernovae",
  "type": "preprint",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:34:34Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/0e17btrm9w6d9",
  "venue": "arXiv",
  "versions": []
}