{
  "abstract": "Introduction: The frequency of neurological manifestations associated with serum GAD65 antibodies (NeuGAD) varies across studies, and the risk of neurological involvement in patients with high GAD65-ab titers remains unclear. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and clinical characteristics of neurological manifestations in patients with high (≥2,000 IU/mL) versus low (<2,000 IU/mL) serum GAD65-ab titers.\n\nMethods: We compared two cohorts: one cohort of 194 patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) diagnosed between 2000 and 2005 with positive low GAD65-ab titers, and a cohort of 150 patients with high GAD65-ab titers collected between 2013 and 2024. Groups were compared using the Mann–Whitney U test, chi-square/Fisher’s exact test, and multivariable logistic regression.\n\nResults: Among patients with high GAD65-ab titers, 32/150 (21.3%) had NeuGAD, most frequently presenting as epilepsy (13/32, 40.6%). Of the 128 patients with DM, 17 (13.3%) had NeuGAD. DM was present in 112/118 (94.1%) patients without NeuGAD, with frequencies varying by neurological syndrome without reaching significance. Age at NeuGAD onset was significantly lower in patients with DM than without DM (43.8 ± 13.5 vs. 55.4 ± 14.1 years, p = 0.03). None of the 194 low-titer patients developed NeuGAD (0%; 95% CI 0.0–1.9%).\n\nConclusion: NeuGAD developed in 13.3% of DM patients with high GAD65-ab titers, while none of the low-titer patients developed NeuGAD, and it appeared at a younger age in patients with DM. We recommend serial GAD65-ab testing in patients with DM and high GAD65-ab titers, and prompt neurology referral when neurological symptoms arise, to allow earlier NeuGAD diagnosis.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Epilepsy Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge",
    "Neurology Service, Hospital Sant Joan Despí Moisès Broggi, Consorci Sanitari Integral",
    "Neurology Service, Hospital de Viladecans",
    "Neuromuscular Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge",
    "Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge",
    "Central Laboratory Service, Immunology Department, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 12,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Paula Lombardo-Del Toro"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Sònia Jaraba"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Guillermo Hernández-Pérez"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Velina Nedkova"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Carlos Casasnovas"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Serge Jauma-Classen"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2,
        3
      ],
      "name": "Laura Gonzalez-Mera"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Roser Gómez-Llopico"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5
      ],
      "name": "Lydia García-Serrano"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Jacint Sala-Padró"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5
      ],
      "name": "Francisco Morandeira"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Mercè Falip"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/0e36kdeppj0e8.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3389/fneur.2026.1976777",
  "fulltext_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13724648/?tool=EBI",
  "id": "0e36kdeppj0e8",
  "issns": [
    "1664-2295"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fneur.2026.1976777/full",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Original Research"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2728|Autoimmune Neurological Disorders and Treatments"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7222929383",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/neurology/articles/10.3389/fneur.2026.1976777/pdf",
  "pmcid": "PMC13724648",
  "pmid": "42973644",
  "published": "2026-10-19",
  "publisher": "Frontiers Media SA",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/0e36kdeppj0e8.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:20:16Z",
      "native_id": "10.3389/fneur.2026.1976777",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fneur.2026.1976777/full"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-03T15:20:51Z",
      "native_id": "PMC:PMC13724648",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13724648"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-04T12:23:11Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13724648",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2026.1976777"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-04T15:20:48Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42973644",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42973644"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2728|Autoimmune Neurological Disorders and Treatments",
      "subfield": "neurology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Clinical characteristics associated with GAD65 antibodies: a comparative study between high and low GAD65-ab cohorts",
  "title_text": "Clinical characteristics associated with GAD65 antibodies: a comparative study between high and low GAD65-ab cohorts",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-05T12:21:22Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/0e36kdeppj0e8",
  "venue": "Frontiers in Neurology",
  "versions": []
}