{
  "abstract": "Context . Time-domain photometric monitoring is essential for characterizing cometary evolution, particularly for rare interstellar objects with limited observing opportunities. Aims . We aimed to characterize the pre-perihelion photometric behavior and dust activity of the interstellar comet 3I/ATLAS and to test the capability of the Black Hole Target and Observation Manager (BHTOM) platform and telescope network for coordinated high-cadence non-sidereal observations. Methods . We obtained 70 days of time-series photometry of 3I/ATLAS from 2025 July 4 to September 11 using 16 telescopes and 1554 images. The data were processed and calibrated with the BHTOM pipeline. High-cadence multiband imaging was used to measure the rotation period and color evolution, while the dust activity was quantified via Afρ measurements. Results . We present a pre-perihelion light curve of 3I/ATLAS from R h = 3.18–2.19 au, which exhibited a steady brightening by ∼3 magnitudes with no evidence of anomalous behavior. We measured a rotation period of P rot = 15.98 ± 0.08 h. The colors were statistically non-changing, with only a weak, non-significant tendency for 3I/ATLAS to become bluer at 3.5 > R h > 2.2 au. The relative dust production increased from A (0°) fρ ∼600 to 1100 cm, and the upper limit on the dust mass-loss rate increased from ≤217 kg s −1 to ≤328 kg s −1 . We measured an activity index of n = −1.24 ± 0.02, which is consistent with a well-developed dust coma.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Astrophysics Division, National Centre for Nuclear Research",
    "Astronomical Observatory, University of Warsaw",
    "European Astronomical Society of Small Telescopes (EASST.eu)",
    "Astronomical Institute, University of Wrocław",
    "Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory",
    "Dept. of Astronomy & Planetary Science, Northern Arizona University",
    "Dept. of Astronomy & the DiRAC Institute, University of Washington",
    "LSST Interdisciplinary Network for Collaboration and Computing Frameworks",
    "Department of Astronomy and Space Sciences, Faculty of Science, Istanbul University",
    "Istanbul University Observatory Research and Application Center",
    "Planetary Science Institute",
    "Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland",
    "Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research",
    "Centre for Exoplanet Science, SUPA School of Physics & Astronomy, University of St Andrews, North Haugh",
    "Astronomical Observatory, Jagiellonian University",
    "Ankara University, Astronomy and Space Sciences Research and Application Center (Kreiken Observatory)",
    "Ankara University, Faculty of Science, Astronomy & Space Sciences Department, Tandogan",
    "Astrophysics Group, Keele University",
    "Türkiye National Observatories, TUG",
    "School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham",
    "School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University",
    "Türkiye National Observatories, DAG",
    "Atatürk University, Institute of Science, Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics",
    "Isaac Newton Group of Telescopes",
    "Janusz Gil Institute of Astronomy, University of Zielona Gora",
    "Department of Physics, University of Warwick",
    "Niels Bohr Institute",
    "Centro de Astronomía, Universidad de Antofagasta",
    "Dipartimento di Fisica “E.R. Caianiello”, Università di Salerno",
    "Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Napoli",
    "Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester",
    "Earth System Sciences, Atmospheric Science, University of Hamburg",
    "Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias",
    "Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield",
    "Instituto de Astrofísica, Facultad de Física, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile",
    "Instituto de Astronomia y Ciencias Planetarias, Universidad de Atacama",
    "Millennium Institute of Astrophysics MAS",
    "University of Southern Denmark, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy",
    "Astronomisches Rechen-Institut, Zentrum für Astronomie der Universität Heidelberg (ZAH)",
    "Department of Physics, Ewha Womans University"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 72,
  "authors": [
    {
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        0
      ],
      "name": "A. Fraser Gillan",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-4094-9408"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1,
        0,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Ł. Wyrzykowski",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-9658-6151"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3,
        0
      ],
      "name": "P. Mikołajczyk",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-8916-8050"
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    {
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        3,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Krzysztof Kotysz",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-4960-7463"
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    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Erica Bufanda",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-0406-8518"
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    {
      "affs": [
        5,
        6,
        7
      ],
      "name": "Colin O. Chandler",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-7335-1715"
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    {
      "affs": [
        8,
        9
      ],
      "name": "Süleyman Fişek",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-3187-5286"
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    {
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        10
      ],
      "name": "Henry H. Hsieh",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-7225-9271"
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      "name": "Michael S. P. Kelley",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-6702-7676"
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      "name": "P. J. Pessi",
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      "name": "James E. Robinson",
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      "name": "SİNAN ALİŞ",
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      "name": "Wieńczysław Bykowski",
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      "name": "Richard Cannon",
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      "name": "M. Dominik",
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      "name": "Barbara Handzlik",
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      "name": "Mehmet İçen",
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      "name": "Sebastian Kurowski",
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        17
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      "name": "A C Kutluay",
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      "name": "Joysankar Majumdar",
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      "name": "Çağlayan Nehir",
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      "name": "David O'Neill",
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      "name": "Sibel Ötken",
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      "name": "Kangming Pu",
      "orcid": "0009-0007-2534-5557"
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        16
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      "name": "Özlem Şimşir",
      "orcid": "0009-0007-8172-6602"
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    {
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        4
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      "name": "C. Snodgrass",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-9328-2905"
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    {
      "affs": [
        21
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      "name": "Cihan Tuğrul Tezcan",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-2253-9499"
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        22
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      "name": "F Tezcan",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-5715-1166"
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        23
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      "name": "Mauritz M. Wicker",
      "orcid": "0009-0006-7642-0943"
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        8
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      "name": "Fuat Korhan YELKENCİ",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-2675-3564"
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        24
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      "name": "M. Żejmo",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-5836-9503"
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        25
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      "name": "K. Ackley",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-8648-0767"
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        26
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      "name": "M. Andersen"
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    {
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        27
      ],
      "name": "C. Ávalos-Vega",
      "orcid": "0009-0003-3275-7526"
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    {
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        20
      ],
      "name": "S. Belkin",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-9798-029X"
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    {
      "affs": [
        28,
        29
      ],
      "name": "V. Bozza",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-4590-0136"
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        30
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      "name": "R. P. Breton",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-8522-4983"
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      "name": "M. J. Burgdorf",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-5854-4217"
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      "name": "J. Casares",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-5031-0128"
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      "name": "V. S. Dhillon",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-4236-9642"
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      "name": "A J Donaldson",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-4507-9384"
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        33
      ],
      "name": "Martin J. Dyer",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-3665-5482"
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    {
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        13,
        34,
        35,
        36
      ],
      "name": "R. Figuera Jaimes",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-3425-6605"
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        20
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      "name": "Duncan K. Galloway",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-6558-5121"
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      "affs": [
        37
      ],
      "name": "T. C. Hinse",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-8870-3146"
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    {
      "affs": [
        38
      ],
      "name": "M. Hundertmark",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-0961-5231"
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    {
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        39
      ],
      "name": "Elahe Khalouei",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-5098-4165"
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    {
      "affs": [
        25
      ],
      "name": "Thomas L. Killestein",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-0440-9597"
    },
    {
      "name": "Rubina Kotak",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-5455-3653"
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    {
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        25
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      "name": "Amit Kumar",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-4870-9436"
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      "name": "Feng-Yuan Frey Liu",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-1386-3676"
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      "name": "Penélope Longa-Peña",
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      "name": "J. D. Lyman",
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    {
      "name": "Luigi Mancini",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-9428-8732"
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      "name": "Ayush Moharana",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-9616-512X"
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        35
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      "name": "V. Molina",
      "orcid": "0009-0005-8555-927X"
    },
    {
      "name": "K. Noysena",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-9109-8311"
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    {
      "name": "Laura K. Nuttall",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-7472-0201"
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    {
      "name": "Paul O'Brien"
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  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/0ee0130hvg8ay.bib",
  "cited_by": 8,
  "doi": "10.1051/0004-6361/202659913",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "0ee0130hvg8ay",
  "issns": [
    "0004-6361",
    "1432-0746"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202659913",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "journal",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
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      "1912|Astro and Planetary Science"
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  "openalex": "W7133308358",
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-08-14",
  "publisher": "EDP Sciences",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/0ee0130hvg8ay.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-07T13:21:01Z",
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      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202659913"
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  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "astronomy",
      "origin": "openalex:1912|Astro and Planetary Science",
      "subfield": "planetary"
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  ],
  "title": "Time-domain photometry and activity evolution of interstellar comet 3I/ATLAS with BHTOM",
  "title_text": "Time-domain photometry and activity evolution of interstellar comet 3I/ATLAS with BHTOM",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-08T13:20:53Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/0ee0130hvg8ay",
  "venue": "Astronomy and Astrophysics",
  "versions": []
}