{
  "abstract": "Accurate state-of-charge (SoC) estimation is central to safe and efficient Battery Management Systems (BMS) in electric vehicles. This study evaluates a multipulse Hybrid Pulse Power Characterization (HPPC) protocol using three discharge rates (0.5 C, 1 C, and 2.5 C) and two regenerative-charge rates (−0.5 C and −0.4 C). Three discharge-derived first-order RC parameter sets are scheduled within an extended Kalman filter according to instantaneous current magnitude and tested on a 54.6 V, 20.8 Ah NMC battery pack. A matched-input dynamic record is used to compare the single-pulse and multipulse HPPC-derived estimators. Because the reference SoC is nominal-capacity Coulomb counting using the same measured current, the reported SoC errors quantify agreement with that trajectory rather than independently measured ground-truth SoC. The multipulse parameterization reduced SoC RMSE from 2.1354% to 1.4065%, MAE from 1.7001% to 1.1138%, and MaxAE from 3.8951% to 3.6014%, while R2 increased from 0.98882 to 0.99515. For voltage estimation, RMSE decreased from 0.3145 V to 0.2409 V and MAE from 0.2379 V to 0.1532 V, but MaxAE increased from 1.7800 V to 2.1770 V. The results therefore show lower aggregate estimation error on the shared dynamic record without establishing independent absolute SoC accuracy or universal ECM fidelity.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Mahindra University, Hyderabad 500043, Telangana, India",
    "Centrale Lille Institute, University of Lille, 59000 Lille, France",
    "Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2092, South Africa"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 4,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Yaminidhar Reddy Bhavanam"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Sreedhar Madichetty",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-0373-9092"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Abdelkader EL KAMEL",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-7653-0364"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Bonginkosi Thango",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-3635-0988"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/0ewh77hhsy85h.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/batteries12110465",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "0ewh77hhsy85h",
  "issns": [
    "2313-0105"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2313-0105/12/11/465",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [],
  "openalex": null,
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-11-04",
  "publisher": "MDPI AG",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/0ewh77hhsy85h.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-05T00:20:54Z",
      "native_id": "10.3390/batteries12110465",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2313-0105/12/11/465"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "chemistry",
      "origin": "issn:2313-0105",
      "subfield": "electrochemistry-energy"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Multipulse HPPC for Current-Scheduled ECM Parameterization and SoC Estimation in EV Batteries",
  "title_text": "Multipulse HPPC for Current-Scheduled ECM Parameterization and SoC Estimation in EV Batteries",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-06T00:21:11Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/0ewh77hhsy85h",
  "venue": "Batteries",
  "versions": []
}