{
  "abstract": "C4 photosynthesis is traditionally considered \"CO2 -insensitive\" because the bundle-sheath CO2 -concentrating mechanism is thought to saturate Rubisco at present atmospheric levels. Recent field and controlled-environment experiments, however, reveal notable growth and yield responses of several C4 cereals, especially millets, when CO2 rises. Millets constitute a phylogenetically diverse group of small-seeded grasses that thrive on marginal, low-input agro-ecosystems, making them ideal models for probing source-sink interactions that are hidden in highly bred maize. This review synthesizes (i) the biochemical and modelling foundations of the classical C4 CO2 -insensitivity concept, (ii) the ecological, genetic and multi-omics attributes of millets that expose C4 plasticity, and (iii) empirical evidence from leaf-to yield-level studies that support a candidate sink-limited frameworkfor C4 responses to elevated CO2 that awaits direct experimental validation. We conclude by highlighting the need for factorial FACE experiments and integrated omics-phenomics approaches to uncover the mechanisms underlying CO2 responses and guide the development of climate-resilient millet ideotypes.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 3,
  "authors": [
    {
      "name": "Eelaf Taha Hussein"
    },
    {
      "name": "Vivek Dogra"
    },
    {
      "name": "Rozenn Le Hir"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/0h8f9yt6ay1e2.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.17180/xje7-2p88",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "0h8f9yt6ay1e2",
  "issns": [],
  "landing_url": "https://hal.science/hal-05765475v1",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "hal",
      "0.sdv"
    ],
    [
      "hal",
      "1.sdv.bv"
    ],
    [
      "hal",
      "2.sdv.bv.ap"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "1110|Plant responses to elevated CO2"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7214663177",
  "pdf_url": "https://hal.science/hal-05765475/document",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-09-26",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/0h8f9yt6ay1e2.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:17:41Z",
      "native_id": "hal-05765475",
      "source": "hal",
      "url": "https://hal.science/hal-05765475v1"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biology",
      "origin": "hal:1.sdv.bv",
      "subfield": "plant-biology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Revisiting C4 CO2 responsiveness: lessons from millet species in a high-CO2 future",
  "title_text": "Revisiting C4 CO2 responsiveness: lessons from millet species in a high-CO2 future",
  "type": "preprint",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:17:41Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/0h8f9yt6ay1e2",
  "venue": "HAL",
  "versions": []
}