{
  "abstract": "Background\n\nPain is a significant issue affecting adolescents. However, adolescents often receive outdated, non-evidence-based management for pain. School-based pain education has been identified as a priority for pain management in Australia, yet none is endorsed in schools. This paper describes the process of developing and evaluating the Pain Smart education module for students aged 12-16 at Australian secondary schools.Methods\n\nThe process included five phases: (1) listening to adolescent voices; (2) developing the Pain Smart lessons and resources; (3) piloting the Pain Smart education module; (4) refining the Pain Smart education module; and (5) evaluating the Pain Smart education module. Each phase is mapped to an implementation framework: Phase 1 is aligned with the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research, Phase 2 and 4 with the Knowledge-to-Action Framework, and Phase 3 and 5 with the Conceptual Framework for Implementation Outcomes.Results\n\nPhase 1 identified gaps in students' knowledge and preferences for learning about pain at school. Phase 2 used these findings and evidence-based concepts to develop three curriculum-aligned, ready-to-teach lessons. Phase 3 piloted the module in two secondary schools, demonstrating acceptability, appropriateness and feasibility while identifying issues with study processes. Phase 4 refined the lessons and study processes based on these findings. Phase 5 describes a cluster randomized controlled trial to evaluate the module.Conclusions\n\nThe Pain Smart education module was developed using a comprehensive and collaborative learning approach. Using established implementation frameworks ensured the module addresses real-world barriers and perspectives of relevant parties. Ongoing evaluation will determine its effectiveness and inform its future scalability.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.",
    "Allied Health Research Support Centre, Nepean Blue Mountains Local Health District, Sydney, Australia.",
    "School of Education, University of Notre Dame Australia, Sydney, Australia.",
    "School of Health Sciences, University of Notre Dame Australia, Sydney, Australia.",
    "Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.",
    "Research and Knowledge Translation Directorate, Mid North Coast Local Health District, C/o Port Macquarie, Australia.",
    "Sydney Catholic Schools, Patrician Brothers College Fairfield, Sydney, Australia.",
    "Institute of Musculoskeletal Health, Sydney Local Health District and The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.",
    "Masters and Doctoral Program in Physiotherapy, University of Sao Paulo City, Sao Paulo, Brazil."
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
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  "author_total": 7,
  "authors": [
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        1
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      "name": "Isabelle Bogard",
      "orcid": "0009-0005-1863-8955"
    },
    {
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        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Steven J Kamper",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-3012-5499"
    },
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        2,
        3,
        4
      ],
      "name": "Andrew Sortwell"
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    {
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        0
      ],
      "name": "Laura R C Montgomery"
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    {
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        5
      ],
      "name": "Christopher M Williams",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-8896-0978"
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    {
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        6
      ],
      "name": "Justin Costello"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1,
        7,
        8
      ],
      "name": "Tie P Yamato"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/0hfj410049tfz.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1080/24740527.2026.2720684",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13711996",
  "id": "0hfj410049tfz",
  "issns": [
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  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42948270",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Research Article"
    ],
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      "lcc",
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    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2735|Pediatric Pain Management Techniques"
    ]
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  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13711996?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13711996",
  "pmid": "42948270",
  "published": "2026-10-26",
  "publisher": "Taylor & Francis",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/0hfj410049tfz.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-31T00:20:34Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42948270",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42948270"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-31T12:22:40Z",
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  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2735|Pediatric Pain Management Techniques",
      "subfield": "reproductive-child"
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  ],
  "title": "From Concept to Classroom: Developing and Evaluating Pain Smart, a School-Based Pain Education Module.",
  "title_text": "From Concept to Classroom: Developing and Evaluating Pain Smart, a School-Based Pain Education Module.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-31T14:21:38Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/0hfj410049tfz",
  "venue": "Canadian journal of pain = Revue canadienne de la douleur",
  "versions": []
}