{
  "abstract": "The performance of biopolymer films depends on both composition and formation conditions. This study evaluated films containing constant amounts of Nopal-Opuntia spp. mucilage, glycerol, and vinegar using a 16-run mixture–process design with four starch–gelatin ratios and post-drying thermal-treatment settings of 40 or 60 °C for 5 or 10 min. Maximum tensile stress, a provisional modulus, elongation, and apparent mass loss in soil and outdoors were analyzed over 48 days. Model adequacy was assessed using fit statistics, leave-one-formulation-out predictions, and influence diagnostics. The primary multiresponse solution assigned lower relative importance to the two gravimetric responses than to the three mechanical responses and corresponded to starch/gelatin 0.25/0.75 at 40 °C for 5 min (D = 0.644), coinciding with observed run F04. Equal-response and gravimetric-loss-emphasis solutions were retained as sensitivity analyses; their intermediate times are unconfirmed model interpolations. F04 showed the highest observed stress (1.614 MPa) and provisional modulus (24.358 MPa), F16 the greatest elongation (99.269%), and F09 the greatest observed apparent mass loss (93.0% in soil and 95.0% outdoors). One film was manufactured per run, the starting mass used for gravimetric calculations was nominal, and no confirmatory runs were conducted. Accordingly, the estimates remain formulation-specific and exploratory; mass loss does not demonstrate biodegradation.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "GI3M—Grupo de Investigación e Innovación en Ingeniería Mecánica, Universidad Técnica de Ambato, Ambato 180104, Ecuador",
    "Facultad de Ingeniería Civil y Mecánica, Universidad Técnica de Ambato, Ambato 180104, Ecuador",
    "Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud y Bienestar Humano, Universidad Tecnológica Indoamérica, Ambato 180212, Ecuador"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 4,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Juan Paredes",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-3118-9323"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Germán Flores"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Cristian Pérez-Salinas",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-4031-5464"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Gabriela Salinas",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-6907-9840"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/0kjt5k24tjbjk.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/polym18202528",
  "fulltext_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13709104/?tool=EBI",
  "id": "0kjt5k24tjbjk",
  "issns": [
    "2073-4360"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/18/20/2528",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2502|Nanocomposite Films for Food Packaging"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7221938773",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13709104/pdf/?tool=EBI",
  "pmcid": "PMC13709104",
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-01",
  "publisher": "MDPI AG",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/0kjt5k24tjbjk.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:18:44Z",
      "native_id": "10.3390/polym18202528",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/18/20/2528"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:21:49Z",
      "native_id": "PMC:PMC13709104",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13709104"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "chemistry",
      "origin": "openalex:2502|Nanocomposite Films for Food Packaging",
      "subfield": "materials-polymers"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Mixture–Process Design and Multiresponse Optimization of Starch–Gelatin Films Containing Nopal-Opuntia spp. Mucilage: Mechanical Properties and Apparent Mass Loss",
  "title_text": "Mixture–Process Design and Multiresponse Optimization of Starch–Gelatin Films Containing Nopal-Opuntia spp. Mucilage: Mechanical Properties and Apparent Mass Loss",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:21:49Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/0kjt5k24tjbjk",
  "venue": "Polymers",
  "versions": []
}