{
  "abstract": "Assessing productive thinking in sustainable science learning requires instruments that capture coordinated cognitive and metacognitive processes during authentic problem-solving. Existing higher-order thinking assessments often examine critical thinking, creativity, or metacognition separately and provide limited validity evidence in performance-based sustainability contexts. This study developed and evaluated a performance-based Productive Thinking Assessment (PTA) measuring three interrelated dimensions: critical–analytical, creative thinking, and thinking process management within microplastic and bioplastic contexts. A multi-method instrument development design was used to obtain complementary validity evidence. Content validation involved seven experts, while psychometric evaluation involved 200 pre-service elementary science teachers from three Indonesian universities. Response-process evidence was examined using Think-Aloud Protocols with six students. Content validity was evaluated using Aiken’s V, internal structure using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and PLS-SEM, item functioning using Rasch analysis, and scoring reliability using intraclass correlation coefficients. Aiken’s V coefficients ranged from 0.81 to 0.95. PCA supported the proposed three-dimensional structure, and PLS-SEM indicated high indicator reliability, internal consistency, and convergent validity. Rasch analysis showed acceptable item fit, with item difficulties ranging from − 0.829 to 1.289 logits and ordered, estimable rating-category thresholds. Inter-rater reliability ranged from moderate to good for individual ratings and from good to excellent for average ratings. The think-aloud findings illustrated evidence-based reasoning, solution generation, and metacognitive regulation during task completion. The findings provide complementary validity evidence supporting the interpretation of PTA scores for assessing productive thinking within sustainability-oriented science learning, while indicating the need for further validation across broader populations and science contexts.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 3,
  "authors": [
    {
      "name": "Ratih Permana Sari"
    },
    {
      "name": "Sulistyo Saputro",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-5613-9496"
    },
    {
      "name": "Murni Ramli"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/0m0pyxhqxstg6.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1038/s41598-026-73782-3",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "0m0pyxhqxstg6",
  "issns": [
    "2045-2322"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-73782-3",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "3304|Education and Critical Thinking Development"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7219876502",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-73782-3_reference.pdf",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-04",
  "publisher": "Springer Science and Business Media LLC",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/0m0pyxhqxstg6.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:17:22Z",
      "native_id": "10.1038/s41598-026-73782-3",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-73782-3"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [],
  "title": "Developing and validating a productive thinking assessment for sustainable university science learning",
  "title_text": "Developing and validating a productive thinking assessment for sustainable university science learning",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:17:22Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/0m0pyxhqxstg6",
  "venue": "Scientific Reports",
  "versions": []
}