{
  "abstract": "Background\n\nData on ECG characteristics and qualitative ECG variants in healthy young Vietnamese adults remain limited. We evaluated sex-specific ECG differences and factors independently associated with common ECG variants in first-year Vietnamese university students.Methods\n\nThis cross-sectional study included 6099 healthy students (3440 female [56.4%], 2659 male [43.6%]; mean age, 17.85 ± 0.65 years) undergoing standardized cardiovascular screening. Resting 12-lead ECGs were analyzed for quantitative parameters and qualitative variants.Results\n\nAll four core ECG parameters differed by sex (all p < 0.001). Females had higher heart rates (84.64 vs. 81.55 bpm) and longer QTc intervals (423.54 vs. 406.46 ms), whereas males had longer PR intervals (141.99 vs. 138.99 ms) and wider QRS complexes (91.44 vs. 80.81 ms). Males had higher prevalences of sinus arrhythmia (22.7% vs. 19.2%), early repolarization pattern (6.1% vs. 0.1%), right bundle branch block (4.4% vs. 0.3%), and sinus bradycardia (4.5% vs. 1.3%; all p < 0.001). Male sex was independently associated with early repolarization pattern (aOR, 37.7; 95% CI, 17.2-107) and right bundle branch block (aOR, 13.1; 95% CI, 7.55-25.2; both p < 0.001), but not sinus arrhythmia (aOR, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.84-1.21; p = 0.896).Conclusions\n\nECG parameters and several qualitative variants differed by sex. These findings provide descriptive, population-specific data on ECG characteristics and common qualitative variants in healthy young Vietnamese university students.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Emergency Department, Phenikaa University Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam.",
    "College of Medicine, Phenikaa University, Hanoi, Vietnam.",
    "Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Vinmec Central Park International Hospital, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.",
    "Outpatient Cardiology Department, Vinmec International Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam.",
    "Department of Nephrology, People's 115 Hospital, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.",
    "College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.",
    "Cardiac Surgical Intensive Department, Cho Ray Hospital, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam."
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 10,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Thang Nguyen Ngoc",
      "orcid": "0009-0000-8271-766X"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Quyet Nguyen Minh",
      "orcid": "0009-0000-1110-9974"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "An Bui Thi Thu",
      "orcid": "0009-0005-9491-8537"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Thang Vu Tien",
      "orcid": "0009-0002-1457-3806"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Soan Hoang Thu",
      "orcid": "0009-0003-4879-5623"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Cuong Duong Cao",
      "orcid": "0009-0005-9242-0436"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Vy Nguyen Hoai"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4,
        5
      ],
      "name": "Cong Nguyen Thanh",
      "orcid": "0009-0008-0357-310X"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5
      ],
      "name": "Binh Tran Van",
      "orcid": "0009-0009-8878-958X"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5,
        6
      ],
      "name": "Anh Dinh The",
      "orcid": "0009-0002-9724-6332"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/0marg2hrt08s8.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1111/anec.70247",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13688244",
  "id": "0marg2hrt08s8",
  "issns": [
    "1082-720X",
    "1542-474X"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42908956",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2705|Cardiovascular Effects of Exercise"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7223185364",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13688244?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13688244",
  "pmid": "42908956",
  "published": "2026-10-30",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/0marg2hrt08s8.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:20:03Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42908956",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42908956"
    }
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  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2705|Cardiovascular Effects of Exercise",
      "subfield": "cardiovascular"
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  ],
  "title": "Sex-Specific Prevalence and Distribution of Electrocardiographic Variants in Healthy Vietnamese Freshmen.",
  "title_text": "Sex-Specific Prevalence and Distribution of Electrocardiographic Variants in Healthy Vietnamese Freshmen.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:20:03Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/0marg2hrt08s8",
  "venue": "Annals of noninvasive electrocardiology : the official journal of the International Society for Holter and Noninvasive Electrocardiology, Inc",
  "versions": []
}