{
  "abstract": "Background: Tuberculosis (TB) remains the most common opportunistic infection among people living with HIV (PLWH). Dysregulated cytokine responses during HIV/TB co-infection may contribute to immune dysfunction and disease progression. However, the longitudinal dynamics of cytokine profiles and their associations with clinical indicators during treatment remain incompletely understood.\n\nMethods: In this prospective exploratory longitudinal study, we enrolled 24 patients with HIV/TB co-infection, 24 patients with HIV monoinfection, and 24 healthy controls. Serum concentrations of seven cytokines, including IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, TNF-α, and IFN-γ, as well as routine clinical indicators, were measured at baseline and on days 7, 14, 21, 30, 60, 90, and 180 after treatment initiation. Longitudinal changes were analyzed using linear mixed-effects models, and associations between cytokines and clinical indicators were assessed using exploratory Spearman’s rank correlation analysis.\n\nResults: At baseline, patients with HIV/TB co-infection showed evidence of immune and inflammatory alterations, with higher NEUT, NEUT%, and AST levels and lower LYM, LYM%, and ALB levels than both comparison groups (FDR-adjusted P < 0.05). During follow-up, IL-6 and IL-2 peaked on days 7 and 60, respectively, whereas IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-17 peaked on day 21 and subsequently declined. IL-4 and IL-10 peaked on days 60 and 21, respectively, and decreased to levels comparable to those in healthy controls by days 180 and 90, respectively. Exploratory correlation analyses showed time-dependent changes in the associations between cytokines and clinical indicators. The correlations of TNF-α with NEUT and IFN-γ with CD4⁺ T cells and LYM shifted from negative to positive, whereas the correlation between IL-17 and CD8⁺ T cells shifted from positive to negative.\n\nConclusion: Patients with HIV/TB co-infection showed stage-specific changes in cytokine profiles and clinical indicators during combined antiretroviral and anti-tuberculosis therapy. Cytokine levels and their associations with clinical indicators changed dynamically and gradually approached a relatively stable state over time. These findings suggest that immune and inflammatory status may evolve during treatment, although further studies are needed to validate these exploratory observations.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Yunnan Infectious Diseases Hospital, Kunming, 650301 Yunnan China",
    "School of Public Health, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 6500003 Yunnan China",
    "School of Public Health, Dali University, Dali, 671000 Yunnan China"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 10,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Zengjie Qian"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Jianjian Li"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Cuixian Yang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Mi Zhang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Xia Li"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Junyi Zhao"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Mei Yang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Hengli Liu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Youwang Lu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Hongli Fan"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/0mqxevxzr51r3.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1186/s12981-026-00926-w",
  "fulltext_url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13711817/",
  "id": "0mqxevxzr51r3",
  "issns": [
    "1742-6405"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12981-026-00926-w",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Research"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2406|HIV Research and Treatment"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7169801711",
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": "PMC13711817",
  "pmid": "42477780",
  "published": "2026-07-20",
  "publisher": "BMC",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/0mqxevxzr51r3.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-31T12:22:31Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13711817",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12981-026-00926-w"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biology",
      "origin": "openalex:2406|HIV Research and Treatment",
      "subfield": "microbiology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "From inflammatory to reconstitution: a longitudinal exploratory study of cytokine dynamics in HIV/TB co-infected patients",
  "title_text": "From inflammatory to reconstitution: a longitudinal exploratory study of cytokine dynamics in HIV/TB co-infected patients",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-31T12:22:31Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/0mqxevxzr51r3",
  "venue": "AIDS Research and Therapy",
  "versions": []
}