{
  "abstract": "Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a clinically defined syndrome arising from heterogeneous and dynamically interacting molecular programs. Recent transcriptomic, single-cell, spatial, and functional studies have identified recurrent molecular states; however, published three-, five-, six-, and eight-group taxonomies are not directly interchangeable. In this review, the published evidence was synthesized within a pragmatic framework of four overlapping candidate programs: interferon/interferon-stimulated gene (IFN/ISG), B cell/plasmablast, neutrophil/neutrophil extracellular trap (NET), and an emerging immunometabolic program. Complement/immune-complex activation is considered a cross-cutting effector axis rather than a mutually exclusive endotype. The molecular endotype is defined operationally, and a distinction is made between pathway signatures, candidate endotypes, and clinically actionable endotypes. In this review, activity biomarkers, prognostic biomarkers, pharmacodynamic biomarkers, and predictive biomarkers are distinguished; the transcriptomic ISG-high states are distinguished from directly measurable type I IFN bioactivity; and the contributions of short-lived plasmablasts and long-lived plasma cells to autoantibody production are also examined. It should be emphasized that endotype assignment is time- and compartment-dependent and that blood signatures may not fully capture organ-specific disease, particularly lupus nephritis. Molecular endotyping in SLE should therefore be viewed as a research framework toward precision therapy rather than as a current treatment algorithm. Prospective biomarker-enriched trials and longitudinal multi-compartment profiling will be required to establish clinically actionable endotypes.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Okayama University Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences",
    "Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Okayama University Faculty of Health Sciences"
  ],
  "article_type": "review article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 10,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Yuya Terajima"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Yoshinori Matsumoto"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Shoichi Nawachi"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Yosuke Asano"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Keigo Hayashi"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Yoshia Miyawaki"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Haruki Watanabe"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Eri Katsuyama"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Takayuki Katsuyama"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Jun Wada"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/0mxtgmecgkp41.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3389/fimmu.2026.1959612",
  "fulltext_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13725363/?tool=EBI",
  "id": "0mxtgmecgkp41",
  "issns": [
    "1664-3224"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1959612/full",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Review"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2745|Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Research"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7222961507",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13725363/pdf/?tool=EBI",
  "pmcid": "PMC13725363",
  "pmid": "42973874",
  "published": "2026-10-19",
  "publisher": "Frontiers Media SA",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/0mxtgmecgkp41.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:19:17Z",
      "native_id": "10.3389/fimmu.2026.1959612",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1959612/full"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-03T15:20:51Z",
      "native_id": "PMC:PMC13725363",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13725363"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-04T12:23:46Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13725363",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1959612"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-04T15:20:48Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42973874",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42973874"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biology",
      "origin": "issn:1664-3224",
      "subfield": "immunology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Molecular endotyping in systemic lupus erythematosus: an integrative framework toward precision therapy",
  "title_text": "Molecular endotyping in systemic lupus erythematosus: an integrative framework toward precision therapy",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-06T12:21:39Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/0mxtgmecgkp41",
  "venue": "Frontiers in Immunology",
  "versions": []
}