{
  "abstract": "Neuroinflammation and cerebrovascular endothelial dysfunction are traditionally studied as parallel processes confined to individual disease categories. Yet a growing body of evidence indicates that they operate as components of a tightly coupled, self-amplifying circuit: the immune-endothelial-neural axis. Within this axis, the peripheral immune system, cerebrovascular endothelium, and neural networks continuously modulate one another across disease contexts. This Review summarizes current knowledge on the bidirectional immune-endothelial interactions that underlie blood-brain barrier disruption and neuroinflammation across cerebrovascular disorders, neuroimmune diseases, and neurodegenerative conditions. A systems-level comparison across disease categories identifies shared pathological hallmarks alongside disease-specific signatures of tempo, vascular scale, and regional vulnerability. Emerging therapeutic strategies are considered along the three limbs of the axis: immunomodulation, endothelial protection and barrier stabilization, and neural recovery, including traditional Chinese medicine as a multitarget approach. By framing neurological disorders through the immune-endothelial-neural axis, this Review proposes a unifying framework that bridges disease boundaries and identifies common mechanistic targets for future translational research. The framework is offered as a testable proposition in which the relative contribution of each limb differs between disorders.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China.",
    "Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China.",
    "Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States."
  ],
  "article_type": "review article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 6,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Zitian Wang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Zezheng Kang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Lei Wu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Jinglin Hu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Xinhua Chen"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Tuoxian Tang"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/0n9j7qv24bq04.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3389/fnmol.2026.1978704",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13714494",
  "id": "0n9j7qv24bq04",
  "issns": [
    "1662-5099"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42953005",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Review"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2808|Barrier Structure and Function Studies"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7221784372",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13714494?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13714494",
  "pmid": "42953005",
  "published": "2026-10-14",
  "publisher": "Frontiers Media SA",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/0n9j7qv24bq04.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-31T00:20:41Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42953005",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42953005"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-01T12:21:58Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13714494",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnmol.2026.1978704"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2808|Barrier Structure and Function Studies",
      "subfield": "neurology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Exploring immune-endothelial interactions in neuroinflammation and vascular dysfunction.",
  "title_text": "Exploring immune-endothelial interactions in neuroinflammation and vascular dysfunction.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-01T12:21:58Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/0n9j7qv24bq04",
  "venue": "Frontiers in molecular neuroscience",
  "versions": []
}