{
  "abstract": "Hydrophobic porphyrin photosensitizers can lose photodynamic activity when densely loaded into nanoparticles because intermolecular aggregation promotes excited-state quenching. We investigated whether CAOM, a cinnamic-acid-derived oily solubilizer, could regulate the intraparticle organization of the π-extended porphyrin photosensitizer rTPA in MITO-Porter nanoparticles. Low-loading MITO-Porter (Low-MP), high-loading MITO-Porter (High-MP), and CAOM-containing High-MP (High-MP+CAOM) were prepared using the iLiNP microfluidic device. At an equivalent rTPA concentration, High-MP generated substantially less singlet oxygen than Low-MP, whereas High-MP+CAOM showed singlet oxygen generation comparable to Low-MP. High-MP+CAOM was internalized by HeLa cells and was observed in proximity to mitochondria. At comparable total lipid concentrations calculated from formulation inputs, High-MP+CAOM produced the greatest light-dependent reduction in cell viability, while dark toxicity remained limited under the tested conditions. Fluorescence spectroscopy was consistent with attenuated aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ), while cryo-transmission electron microscopy showed a more homogeneous intraparticle morphology after CAOM incorporation. These findings suggest that CAOM incorporation may support the photodynamic performance of porphyrin-containing lipid formulations under the tested conditions.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Laboratory for Molecular Design of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12 Nishi 6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan",
    "Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 20 Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan",
    "Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 7,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Yumi Kimura"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Rina Naganawa"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Yuta Takano",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-9469-6253"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Masatoshi Maeki",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-7500-4231"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Manabu Tokeshi",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-4412-2144"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Yusuke Sato",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-0913-7815"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Yuma Yamada",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-4637-5102"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/0qawvry55cm3v.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/nano16201329",
  "fulltext_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13708445/?tool=EBI",
  "id": "0qawvry55cm3v",
  "issns": [
    "2079-4991"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/16/20/1329",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2740|Photodynamic Therapy Research Studies"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7223041503",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13708445/pdf/?tool=EBI",
  "pmcid": "PMC13708445",
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-01",
  "publisher": "MDPI AG",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/0qawvry55cm3v.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:18:45Z",
      "native_id": "10.3390/nano16201329",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/16/20/1329"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:21:31Z",
      "native_id": "PMC:PMC13708445",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13708445"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "chemistry",
      "origin": "issn:2079-4991",
      "subfield": "materials-polymers"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Solubilizer-Assisted Formulation of Porphyrin-Containing Lipid Nanoparticles for Photodynamic Applications",
  "title_text": "Solubilizer-Assisted Formulation of Porphyrin-Containing Lipid Nanoparticles for Photodynamic Applications",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:21:31Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/0qawvry55cm3v",
  "venue": "Nanomaterials",
  "versions": []
}