{
  "abstract": "Wearable devices, stretchable sensors, and soft electronics benefit from harvesting ambient energy using compliant materials, yet existing approaches often face limitations in power density, scalability, and electrode adaptability. Here, we report a liquid metal mechano-electrochemical energy harvester (LMMEEH) that converts mechanical stimuli into electricity through dynamically regulated electrode-electrolyte interfaces. Mechanical motion changes the interfacial area and drives asymmetric Faradaic reactions associated with dynamic oxide formation and dissolution, generating electrical output. The fluidity, high surface tension, and self-renewing surface chemistry of liquid metals enable rapid interfacial reformation, large reversible deformation, and stable cyclic operation. The device achieves a power density of 140.2 microwatts per square meter and scales to a 40-unit array producing 2 volts. Spatial and temporal programming of the liquid metal interfaces further enables synchronized three-phase alternating-current generation. We demonstrate wave-driven emergency lighting, self-powered pressure sensing, and real-time physiological monitoring. This work establishes dynamic liquid metal electrochemical interfaces as a scalable strategy for soft mechanical energy harvesting and self-powered electronics.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "School of Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.",
    "Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia.",
    "Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.",
    "Institute of Humanoid Robots, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China.",
    "School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore.",
    "Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE, Future Technologies), Xiang’an Campus, Xiamen University, Xiang’an South Road, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China."
  ],
  "article_type": "Research Article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 11,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Xiangbo Zhou",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-3512-4391"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Hongda Lu",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-8696-5684"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Jialu Wang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Yipu Guo"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Liping Gong"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3,
        4
      ],
      "name": "Jian Shu",
      "orcid": "0009-0009-7484-084X"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4,
        5
      ],
      "name": "Zhisheng Lv",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-0777-110X"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Haiping Du",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-3439-3821"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Shiwu Zhang",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-7118-7704"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Michael D. Dickey",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-1251-1871"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Weihua Li",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-6190-8421"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/0qwnf7qpbwzxn.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1126/sciadv.aej0867",
  "fulltext_url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13733897/",
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  "issns": [
    "2375-2548"
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  "landing_url": "https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/sciadv.aej0867",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC-4.0",
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  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Electrochemistry"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Engineering"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Physical and Materials Sciences"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Research Article"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "SciAdv r-articles"
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  "openalex": null,
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": "PMC13733897",
  "pmid": "42981417",
  "published": "2026-11-04",
  "publisher": "American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/0qwnf7qpbwzxn.ris",
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  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "chemistry",
      "origin": "heading:Electrochemistry",
      "subfield": "electrochemistry-energy"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Mechano-electrochemical energy harvesting and self-powered sensing via dynamic liquid metal–electrolyte interfaces",
  "title_text": "Mechano-electrochemical energy harvesting and self-powered sensing via dynamic liquid metal–electrolyte interfaces",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-08T12:23:35Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/0qwnf7qpbwzxn",
  "venue": "Science Advances",
  "versions": []
}