{
  "abstract": "Sleep profoundly impacts health, yet current gold-standard Polysomnography (PSG) is constrained by cost, discomfort, and limited scalability for longitudinal monitoring. Ballistocardiography (BCG) offers a non-invasive and user-friendly alternative but often lacks the precision needed for reliable real-world applications. To address this gap, we propose BCGNet, a two-stage transfer learning model that is first pre-trained on 580,865 h of PSG and then fine-tuned and validated on 15,081 h of BCG (total 595,946 h of recordings). Across multiple validation cohorts, BCGNet achieves strong performance in 4-class sleep staging (F1: 0.710−0.817), Apnea-Hypopnea Index (AHI3%) estimation (Pearson’s r > 0.95), and robust quantification of sleep continuity and architecture (ICC and Pearson’s r generally >0.8). Notably, BCGNet maintains strong performance even on short daytime naps and demonstrates excellent generalizability across diverse external datasets. Deployed as a portable, contactless sleep tracking mat, BCGNet represents a major step towards scalable, user-friendly solutions for longitudinal home sleep monitoring, with important implications for population screening and personalized sleep medicine.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Five Seasons Medical, Beijing, China",
    "School of Information and Communication Technology, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD Australia",
    "Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China",
    "Sleep Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China",
    "Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China",
    "Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China",
    "Sleep Medicine Center, Inner Mongolia Mental Health Center (The Third Hospital of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Brain Hospital of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region), Hohhot, China",
    "Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China",
    "Sleep Medicine Section, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH USA",
    "Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH USA",
    "Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA",
    "Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA USA",
    "National Institute of Health Data Science, Peking University, Beijing, China",
    "Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA USA"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 22,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Shigeng Chen"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Xuesong Chen"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Weijun Huang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Fei Lei"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Chuxuan Shan"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Zengrui Jin"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5
      ],
      "name": "Yunhan Shi"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Yichen Wang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        6
      ],
      "name": "Rui Zhao"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        7
      ],
      "name": "Xing Xu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        6
      ],
      "name": "Dongsheng Lv"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5
      ],
      "name": "Yanru Li"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Shirui Pan"
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    {
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        8,
        9
      ],
      "name": "Ambrose Chiang"
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    {
      "affs": [
        10,
        11
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      "name": "M. Brandon Westover"
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    {
      "affs": [
        12
      ],
      "name": "Shenda Hong"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Chao Zhang"
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    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Shankai Yin"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        7
      ],
      "name": "Chun-feng Liu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Hongliang Yi"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Xiangdong Tang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        13
      ],
      "name": "Yue Leng"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/0r9rtnjtk6z7t.bib",
  "cited_by": 1,
  "doi": "10.1038/s41746-026-02885-y",
  "fulltext_url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13696710/",
  "id": "0r9rtnjtk6z7t",
  "issns": [
    "2398-6352"
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  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-026-02885-y",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
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      "heading",
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      "openalex",
      "2204|Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring"
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  "openalex": "W7167225055",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-026-02885-y_reference.pdf",
  "pmcid": "PMC13696710",
  "pmid": "42399358",
  "published": "2026-07-03",
  "publisher": "Nature Publishing Group",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/0r9rtnjtk6z7t.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:18:01Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13696710",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-026-02885-y"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [],
  "title": "BCGNet: an AI model trained on 600 K hours of sleep data for a novel under-pillow contactless monitoring device",
  "title_text": "BCGNet: an AI model trained on 600 K hours of sleep data for a novel under-pillow contactless monitoring device",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:34:00Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/0r9rtnjtk6z7t",
  "venue": "NPJ Digital Medicine",
  "versions": []
}