{
  "abstract": "We present ORCHARD , a publicly available planetary evolution code based on the gas giant evolution code, APPLE , capable of modeling the evolution and structures of terrestrial, super-Earth, sub-Neptune, Neptune, and gas giant planets and exoplanets from 0.5 M ⊕ to 10 M J . It supports not only the inhomogeneous and nonadiabatic evolution of gas giants and sub-Neptunes, but also the solidification of the mantles and cores of terrestrial planets, sub-Neptunes, and super-Earths. ORCHARD incorporates a state-of-the-art hydrogen–helium equation of state, “metal” equations of state (water, ice mixtures, enstatite/perovskite, olivine/forsterite, and iron), and atmospheric boundary conditions ranging from detailed nongray radiative transfer models for solar system giants to irradiated sub-Neptune atmospheres and bare rocky surfaces. ORCHARD also supports static calculations with state-of-the-art equations of state. The purpose of ORCHARD is to provide the scientific community with a flexible, unified tool for modeling planetary structures and evolution across the entire mass continuum of general astrophysical and planetary interest.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Princeton University",
    "University of California",
    "University of Toronto"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 4,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Roberto Tejada Arevalo",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-6708-3427"
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    {
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        0
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      "name": "Adam Burrows",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-3099-5024"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Ankan Sur",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-6635-5080"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Yubo Su",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-8283-3425"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/0rj8wy8ykyc4c.bib",
  "cited_by": 5,
  "doi": "10.3847/1538-4357/ae9f4b",
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  "id": "0rj8wy8ykyc4c",
  "issns": [
    "0004-637X",
    "1538-4357"
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  "landing_url": "https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4357/ae9f4b",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
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      "openalex",
      "1912|Astro and Planetary Science"
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      "3103|Astro and Planetary Science"
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  "pdf_url": "https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4357/ae9f4b/pdf",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-06",
  "publisher": "American Astronomical Society",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/0rj8wy8ykyc4c.ris",
  "sources": [
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      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:18:11Z",
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      "url": "https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4357/ae9f4b"
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    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-07T13:21:01Z",
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      "url": "https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ae9f4b"
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  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "astronomy",
      "origin": "openalex:1912|Astro and Planetary Science",
      "subfield": "planetary"
    }
  ],
  "title": "ORCHARD : A General Planetary Evolution Code",
  "title_text": "ORCHARD : A General Planetary Evolution Code",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-09T13:21:19Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/0rj8wy8ykyc4c",
  "venue": "The Astrophysical Journal",
  "versions": []
}