{
  "abstract": "We present a method for estimating the heating rate of solar wind (SW) and pickup ion (PUI) protons from their respective energy equations. Here, we estimate the heating rate for SW protons along the New Horizons (NH), Voyager 2 (V2), and Pioneer 10 (P10) trajectories using plasma measurements, rather than the magnetic field measurements. We also compute the heating rate for PUI protons for the first time along the NH direction. We find that the SW proton heating rate in the V2 direction is higher than that along the NH direction between ∼26 and ∼52 au. Along the P10 direction, the proton heating rate exceeds that of V2 between 20 and 38 au, but is less beyond 38 au. The heating rate differs along the spacecraft trajectories in the upwind and downwind directions. The PUI proton heating rate is found to be more than 2 orders of magnitude larger than that of SW protons between ∼26 and ∼52 au. The SW/PUI heating rate correlates with SW speed and SW/PUI temperature. We present a comparison between the injection rate of turbulence energy in the energy-containing range and the intensity profile of energetic particles in the ∼50–110 keV range as a function of distance along the NH and V2 directions. It suggests that turbulence may play an important role in the modulation of energetic particles throughout the heliosphere.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "University of Alabama in Huntsville",
    "Princeton University",
    "Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory",
    "Boston University",
    "Massachusetts Institute of Technology",
    "Southwest Research Institute",
    "Center for Space Research and Technology"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 19,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Laxman Adhikari",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-1549-5256"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Bishwas L. Shrestha",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-5247-4107"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Gary P. Zank",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-4642-6192"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Vladimir Florinski",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-5485-2872"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Ashutosh Giri"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Sagar Ghimire"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Bingbing Wang",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-6000-1262"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Romina Nikoukar",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-8608-2822"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Matthew E. Hill",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-5674-4936"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Jakobus Le Roux",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-9199-2890"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "David J. McComas",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-6160-1158"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Merav Opher",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-8767-8273"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "John Richardson",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-4041-7540"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Bartholomeus Van Der Holst",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-5260-3944"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Lingling Zhao",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-4299-0490"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Parisa Mostafavi",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-3808-3580"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5
      ],
      "name": "Justyna M. Sokół",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-4173-3601"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        6
      ],
      "name": "Konstantinos Dialynas",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-5231-7929"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5
      ],
      "name": "Heather Elliott",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-2297-3922"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/0rjyns2554hde.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3847/1538-4357/aeacc4",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "0rjyns2554hde",
  "issns": [
    "1538-4357",
    "0004-637X"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4357/aeacc4",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "feed-journal",
      "astronomy/general"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": null,
  "pdf_url": "https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4357/aeacc4/pdf",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-11-06",
  "publisher": "American Astronomical Society",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/0rjyns2554hde.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-06T06:20:02Z",
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    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-06T12:20:52Z",
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  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "astronomy",
      "origin": "journal-openalex:3103|Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies",
      "subfield": "stellar"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Solar Wind and PUI Proton Heating Rates and Turbulence Effects on Energetic Particles in the Heliosphere",
  "title_text": "Solar Wind and PUI Proton Heating Rates and Turbulence Effects on Energetic Particles in the Heliosphere",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-08T00:21:13Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/0rjyns2554hde",
  "venue": "The Astrophysical Journal",
  "versions": []
}