{
  "abstract": "Objective: To examine the prevalence and settings of PrEP availability at opioid use treatment facilities in the United States. Methods: We examined PrEP trends from 2021 to 2024 using the National Substance Use and Mental Health Services Survey. Using multivariable logistic regression models, we calculated odds ratios (OR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) to examine associations between facility characteristics and PrEP prescribing in 2024. Results: A total of 13,755 substance use treatment facilities in 2021; 14,201 in 2022; 12,892 in 2023; and 13,875 in 2024 were included. The percentage of facilities offering PrEP increased from 6.03% in 2021 to 10.62% in 2024 ( p < 0.01) nationwide. Despite comprising over 90% of facilities, outpatient (8.57%) and residential (14.26%) facilities had lower PrEP availability than inpatient facilities (23.19%). Facilities with methadone and buprenorphine had higher odds of PrEP availability (methadone OR = 7.52, 95% CI = 5.34, 10.59; buprenorphine only OR = 10.09, 95% CI = 7.53, 13.52) compared to those without these treatments. Facilities offering programs specific to people living with HIV (OR = 2.32, 95% CI = 1.83, 2.94) and those identifying as LGBTQ+ (OR = 1.75, 95% CI = 1.35, 2.27) were more likely to offer PrEP. Conclusions: Despite the high number of people served in outpatient and residential facilities, PrEP access continues to remain low.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Brown University Health, Providence, Rhode Island, USA; Brown University Warren Alpert Medical School, Providence, Rhode Island, USA; Corresponding author at: Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, 1125 N Main Street, Providence, RI 02903, USA.",
    "University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, USA",
    "University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Public Health, Birmingham, Alabama, USA; Department of Family & Community Medicine, College of Medicine, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia",
    "Brown University Health, Providence, Rhode Island, USA; Brown University Warren Alpert Medical School, Providence, Rhode Island, USA",
    "Brown University Health, Providence, Rhode Island, USA; Brown University Warren Alpert Medical School, Providence, Rhode Island, USA; Brandeis University Heller School for Social Policy and Management, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 6,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Mary C. Figgatt"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Jessica Jaiswal"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Yahya Alnashri"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Joseph G. Rosen"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Josiah D. Rich"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Traci C. Green"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/0s1cqrx8aewc7.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1016/j.pmedr.2026.103671",
  "fulltext_url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211335526003001",
  "id": "0s1cqrx8aewc7",
  "issns": [
    "2211-3355"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2026.103671",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC-ND",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC-ND",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Infectious Disease"
    ],
    [
      "lcc",
      "R"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2713|HIV, Drug Use, Sexual Risk"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7222680118",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13725471/pdf/?tool=EBI",
  "pmcid": "PMC13725471",
  "pmid": "42974206",
  "published": "2026-10-16",
  "publisher": "Elsevier",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/0s1cqrx8aewc7.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T13:44:51Z",
      "native_id": "072ca5d63d4745959cbf0a5188711f49",
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      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2026.103671"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-03T15:20:51Z",
      "native_id": "PMC:PMC13725471",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13725471"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-04T12:23:52Z",
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      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2026.103671"
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    {
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    }
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  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "heading:Infectious Disease",
      "subfield": "infectious-disease"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Trends in and program characteristics associated with pre-exposure prophylaxis availability among opioid treatment facilities in the United States",
  "title_text": "Trends in and program characteristics associated with pre-exposure prophylaxis availability among opioid treatment facilities in the United States",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-06T12:21:43Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/0s1cqrx8aewc7",
  "venue": "Preventive Medicine Reports",
  "versions": []
}