{
  "abstract": "Objectives: To analyse the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of timely vaccination coverage for the first dose of measles-containing vaccine (MCV1) among children born in Hebei Province, China, from 2019 to 2023.\n\nDesign: Population-based cross-sectional secondary data analysis of routine provincial immunisation registry data.\n\nSetting: All county-level districts in Hebei Province, China.\n\nParticipants: All children with immunisation records established at birth in the Hebei Provincial Immunisation Information Management System who were born between 1 January 2019 and 31 December 2023 and remained in the province until 8 months of age (total birth cohort, n=2 831 956).\n\nPrimary and secondary outcome measures: The primary outcome was timely MCV1 vaccination coverage. Secondary outcomes included global spatial autocorrelation, local spatial clustering and spatiotemporal distribution characteristics.\n\nResults: A total of 167 districts and counties were included. The overall timely coverage of MCV1 among children born in Hebei Province from 2019 to 2023 was 43.49%, demonstrating an increasing trend from 2019 to 2023, rising from 40.57% in 2019 to 53.35% in 2023 (Cochran-Armitage trend test χ2=16 059.55, p<0.05). Pronounced seasonal variations were observed across birth cohorts, with lower coverage among children born in the second quarter, followed by a gradual increase in the third quarter. Significant positive global spatial autocorrelation was detected at the county level, global Moran’s I ranged from 0.55 in 2019 to 0.45 in 2023 and local spatial autocorrelation analysis identified high-high clusters primarily in central-southern and northeastern Hebei Province, while low-low clusters were mainly concentrated in the northwestern region.\n\nConclusions: Timely MCV1 vaccination coverage among children born in Hebei Province from 2019 to 2023 remained suboptimal, characterised by notable seasonal fluctuations and distinct spatial clustering. Targeted, season-specific interventions in identified low-coverage clusters may improve timeliness. Further research is needed to explore individual-level barriers to vaccination delay.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "College of Public Health, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, China",
    "Immunisation Planning and Management Division, Hebei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China",
    "Hebei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 6,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Yichang Wang",
      "orcid": "0009-0009-1198-9882"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Yanli Cong"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Shiheng Cui"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Yu Guo"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Yaping Li"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Qi Li"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/0s4dw8neem3gg.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1136/bmjopen-2026-122115",
  "fulltext_url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13723848/",
  "id": "0s4dw8neem3gg",
  "issns": [
    "2044-6055",
    "2044-6055"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://bmjopen.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/bmjopen-2026-122115",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "1506"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "1724"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Original Research"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Public Health"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "3306|Vaccine Coverage and Hesitancy"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7223917532",
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": "PMC13723848",
  "pmid": "42946350",
  "published": "2026-10-27",
  "publisher": "BMJ",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/0s4dw8neem3gg.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:19:44Z",
      "native_id": "10.1136/bmjopen-2026-122115",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://bmjopen.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/bmjopen-2026-122115"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-04T12:22:24Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13723848",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2026-122115"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "heading:Public Health",
      "subfield": "epidemiology-public-health"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Spatiotemporal distribution of timely measles-containing vaccine coverage among children born in Hebei Province during 2019–2023: a secondary analysis of provincial routine immunisation registry data",
  "title_text": "Spatiotemporal distribution of timely measles-containing vaccine coverage among children born in Hebei Province during 2019–2023: a secondary analysis of provincial routine immunisation registry data",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-05T12:20:35Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/0s4dw8neem3gg",
  "venue": "BMJ Open",
  "versions": []
}