{
  "abstract": "Colorectal cancer (CRC) arises within a complex microbial ecosystem that may influence carcinogenesis, tumor immunity, and therapeutic response. This is particularly relevant in metastatic disease, where most tumors are microsatellite-stable/mismatch repair-proficient (MSS/pMMR) and derive little meaningful benefit from immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) monotherapy. Specific pathobionts, including Fusobacterium nucleatum, enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis, and colibactin-producing Escherichia coli, have been implicated in genotoxic, inflammatory, and checkpoint-related mechanisms that may contribute to tumor progression and immune evasion, whereas selected commensals and microbiota-derived metabolites may support antitumor immunity in a context-dependent manner. This review integrates translational evidence linking microbial taxa and functions, metabolites, neutrophil biology, bacterial extracellular vesicles, and T-cell dysfunction with CRC progression and immunotherapy response. This review critically examines emerging microbiome-directed strategies, including fecal microbiota transplantation, next-generation probiotics, defined bacterial consortia, dietary and perioperative interventions, postbiotics, and bacteriophage-based approaches, as potential means of modifying immune resistance in MSS/pMMR CRC. Although early clinical signals from microbiota-modulating combinations are encouraging, the available evidence remains limited by small cohorts, heterogeneous interventions, and the absence of randomized CRC-specific studies. Microbiome-based biomarkers and therapeutics therefore remain investigational, and standardized sampling, prospective validation, and carefully designed trials will be required before microbiome modulation enters routine CRC care.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Paediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Wielicka 265, 30-663 Krakow, Poland.",
    "Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agriculture in Cracow, 30-059 Krakow, Poland."
  ],
  "article_type": "review article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 1,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Izabela Siemińska"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/0sac9scjaebks.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/cells15191800",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13664492",
  "id": "0sac9scjaebks",
  "issns": [
    "2073-4409"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42882498",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "1312|Gut microbiota and health"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7215078529",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13664492?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13664492",
  "pmid": "42882498",
  "published": "2026-10-01",
  "publisher": "MDPI AG",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/0sac9scjaebks.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:19:00Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42882498",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42882498"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:19:02Z",
      "native_id": "10.3390/cells15191800",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/15/19/1800"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biochemistry",
      "origin": "openalex:1312|Gut microbiota and health",
      "subfield": "molecular-biology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "The Gut Microbiota-Immunity Axis in Colorectal Cancer: Implications for Immunotherapy and Clinical Translation.",
  "title_text": "The Gut Microbiota-Immunity Axis in Colorectal Cancer: Implications for Immunotherapy and Clinical Translation.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:19:02Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/0sac9scjaebks",
  "venue": "Cells",
  "versions": []
}