{
  "abstract": "Synthetic-template subtraction is widely used to measure chromospheric activity in large spectroscopic surveys. However, many solar-like FGK stars show systematically negative Ca II infrared triplet (IRT) activity indices. We investigate this effect using solar-like stars from LAMOST DR9, MaStar, and XSL DR3, measuring activity indices ( R ⁺ ) for both the Ca II H & K and IRT lines within a uniform framework. We find that observational effects contribute to the scatter but do not explain the systematic negative bias in R IRT + . This bias mainly arises because radiative-equilibrium photospheric models lack the chromospheric layers, which exhibit a temperature rise and provide additional Ca II IRT opacity. This additional opacity makes the observed IRT cores deeper than those in the synthetic photospheric profiles. Non–local thermodynamic equilibrium (NLTE) effects may contribute but are unlikely to dominate. The different behavior of the H & K and IRT diagnostics can be related to their different source-function behavior: the stronger chromospheric source-function enhancement of H & K makes their cores more likely to appear in emission. Increasing the adopted microturbulent velocity partially mitigates the negative offset, serving as an empirical compensation for missing atmospheric physics. In addition, R ⁺ values derived from different synthesis configurations show systematic offsets but generally preserve strong linear correlations, indicating that they can be cross-calibrated. These results clarify the origin of negative Ca II IRT residual indices and help interpret template-dependent systematics in chromospheric activity measurements.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Chinese Academy of Sciences",
    "University of Chinese Academy of Sciences",
    "University of Cambridge"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 13,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Xiaozhen 肖振 Yang 杨",
      "orcid": "0009-0006-7506-1299"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Xiaoting 晓婷 Fu 符",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-6506-1985"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Mingjie 明杰 Jian 简",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-5649-7461"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Jingkun 景昆 Zhao 赵",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-2868-8276"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Hailong 海龙 Yuan 袁",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-4554-5579"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Zhongrui 仲瑞 Bai 白",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-3884-5693"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Mengxin 梦欣 Wang 汪",
      "orcid": "0009-0009-6931-2276"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Yiqiao 义乔 Dong 董",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-6312-4444"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Mingkuan 明宽 Yang 杨",
      "orcid": "0009-0000-6595-2537"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Ziyue 子悦 Jiang 蒋",
      "orcid": "0009-0009-9065-1846"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Qian 倩 Liu 刘",
      "orcid": "0009-0009-0971-5081"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Ganyu 甘雨 Li 李",
      "orcid": "0009-0009-0171-1553"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Haotong 昊彤 Zhang 张",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-6617-5300"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/0tbdhcrq9x7mj.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3847/1538-4365/aeb011",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "0tbdhcrq9x7mj",
  "issns": [
    "0067-0049",
    "1538-4365"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4365/aeb011",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "journal",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [],
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  "pdf_url": "https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4365/aeb011/pdf",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-11-06",
  "publisher": "American Astronomical Society",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/0tbdhcrq9x7mj.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-06T12:20:53Z",
      "native_id": "10.3847/1538-4365/aeb011",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4365/aeb011"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "astronomy",
      "origin": "journal-openalex:3103|Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies",
      "subfield": "stellar"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Revisiting Ca II Activity Indices in FGK Stars: Systematic Biases in Infrared Triplet Measurements",
  "title_text": "Revisiting Ca II Activity Indices in FGK Stars: Systematic Biases in Infrared Triplet Measurements",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-08T00:21:18Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/0tbdhcrq9x7mj",
  "venue": "The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series",
  "versions": []
}