{
  "abstract": "Micro- and nanoplastic particles (MNPs) have emerged as pollutants of high public concern. Assessing and managing the risks of these particles remains challenging for several reasons. A long-term goal is to establish a comprehensive risk-governance framework that includes risk framing, scientifically sound risk assessment that accounts for human and environmental safety, evaluation, and risk management/decision making. A realistic short-term goal is to develop a comprehensive human health risk assessment framework (RAF). Very recently, RAFs for evaluating the human-health risks of MNPs have become available; however, comparative analyses of these frameworks are lacking. Here, we discuss six established frameworks to assess their technological and regulatory readiness. We begin by proposing nine technical criteria that a risk-assessment framework should meet to inform policy and action. These include the degree of quantifiability of outputs; the provision for systematic evaluation of the quality of input data; the consistency between exposure and effect data with respect to underlying mechanisms; the extent to which the complexity and diversity of environmentally realistic microplastics are addressed; readiness for integration into existing regulatory approaches; and the extent of real-world implementation to date. We discuss the specific strengths of each framework and recommend combining them into a single overarching framework that integrates these strengths.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University, Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management, PO Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands",
    "Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands",
    "Institute of Occupational Medicine, Edinburgh, UK",
    "State Water Resources Control Board, 1001 I St., Sacramento, CA, 95814, USA",
    "Department of Chemical Sciences, University of the Western Cape (UWC), Bellville, 7535, South Africa",
    "Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany",
    "Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Pharmacy, Königin-Luise Strasse 2-4, 14195, Berlin, Germany",
    "Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, 3508 TD, Utrecht, The Netherlands",
    "National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands",
    "Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 12,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Albert A. Koelmans",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-7176-4356"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Hans Bouwmeester",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-9318-4272"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Emily A. Christopher"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Scott Coffin",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-7035-1282"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4,
        5,
        6
      ],
      "name": "Andrea Haase",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-5288-7876"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Taylor Lane",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-6807-1556"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        7
      ],
      "name": "Juliette Legler",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-6321-1567"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        7
      ],
      "name": "Roel C.H. Vermeulen",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-4082-8163"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        8
      ],
      "name": "Maaike Visser",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-3356-1993"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5
      ],
      "name": "Amelie Vogel"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Ira Wardani",
      "orcid": "0009-0001-9162-3670"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        9
      ],
      "name": "Runyu Zou",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-7385-9498"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/0ts7nxmxxqjad.bib",
  "cited_by": 8,
  "doi": "10.1186/s43591-026-00199-0",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "0ts7nxmxxqjad",
  "issns": [
    "2662-4966"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s43591-026-00199-0",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC-ND",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC-ND",
  "licence_source": "journal",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2310|Microplastics and Plastic Pollution"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7161624258",
  "pdf_url": "https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s43591-026-00199-0.pdf",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-05-19",
  "publisher": "Springer Nature",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/0ts7nxmxxqjad.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T13:26:58Z",
      "native_id": "W7161624258",
      "source": "openalex",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s43591-026-00199-0"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "earth",
      "origin": "openalex:2310|Microplastics and Plastic Pollution",
      "subfield": "environmental-science"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Towards regulatory readiness: evaluating frameworks for microplastic health risk assessment",
  "title_text": "Towards regulatory readiness: evaluating frameworks for microplastic health risk assessment",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-09T13:21:20Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/0ts7nxmxxqjad",
  "venue": "Microplastics and Nanoplastics",
  "versions": []
}