{
  "abstract": "The internal ribosomal entry site (IRES)from encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) is a popular RNA element used widely in experimental and pharmaceutical applications to express proteins in eukaryotic cells or cell-free extracts. Inclusion of the wild-type element in monocistronic or bicistronic messenger RNAs (mRNAs) confers a high level of cap-independent translation activity to appropriately configured cistrons. The history of this element and the experimental consequences of sequence derivations inherent to commercial IRES vectors are less well known. Compared head-to-head with dual-luciferase reporter constructs, a native EMCV IRES in a bicistronic configuration directed 8- to 10-fold more protein than a similarly configured pIRES vector. It also produced nearly twice as much protein as pCITE-1, an early monocistronic iteration, harboring a suboptimal A7 sequence in a crucial structural motif The results indicate that investigators should be aware of and carefully report the sequence of their IRES in any comparative study. The preferred IRES (viral bases 273-845) and the minimum IRES (viral bases 400-836) for optimum activity are illustrated.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 2,
  "authors": [
    {
      "name": "Yury A Bochkov"
    },
    {
      "name": "A. C. Palmenberg"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/0w4pkvhp7zdjs.bib",
  "cited_by": 188,
  "doi": "10.2144/000112243",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "0w4pkvhp7zdjs",
  "issns": [
    "0736-6205",
    "1940-9818"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://hal.science/hal-05787854v1",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "journal",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "hal",
      "0.sdv"
    ],
    [
      "hal",
      "1.sdv.bbm"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "1312|RNA and protein synthesis mechanisms"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W2158634868",
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-09",
  "publisher": "Eaton Publishing",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/0w4pkvhp7zdjs.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:17:51Z",
      "native_id": "hal-05787854",
      "source": "hal",
      "url": "https://hal.science/hal-05787854v1"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biochemistry",
      "origin": "openalex:1312|RNA and protein synthesis mechanisms",
      "subfield": "molecular-biology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Translational efficiency of EMCV IRES in bicistronic vectors is dependent upon IRES sequence and gene location",
  "title_text": "Translational efficiency of EMCV IRES in bicistronic vectors is dependent upon IRES sequence and gene location",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:17:51Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/0w4pkvhp7zdjs",
  "venue": "Biotechniques",
  "versions": []
}