{
  "abstract": "This study investigated the antibacterial and antioxidant potential of Equisetum diffusum D. Don. using in vitro assays, molecular docking, GC‐MS, HPLC, phytochemical screening, ADME, toxicity, and phylogenetic analyses. Phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, saponins, and fatty acids in the extracts. GC‐MS and HPLC analyses revealed the presence of bioactive compounds, including 7,9‐Di‐tert‐butyl‐1‐oxaspiro(4,5)deca‐6,9‐diene‐2,8‐dione, oleic acid, and bis (2‐ethylhexyl) phthalate. The oxaspiro compound exhibited the strongest docking affinity with antimicrobial (PDB: 1R4U, −7.4 kcal/mol) and antioxidant (PDB: 1AJ6, −7.3 kcal/mol) targets. In vitro antibacterial assays confirmed the inhibition of Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative strains, whereas DPPH, FRAP, and TFC assays validated strong antioxidant activity. ADME analysis indicated favorable pharmacokinetics for most compounds, although bis (2‐ethylhexyl) phthalate showed toxicity risks. Phylogenetic analysis revealed conserved protein targets across Equisetum species. These findings highlight E. diffusum as a promising source of natural antioxidants and antimicrobial agents, supporting further in vivo and formulation studies for pharmaceutical development.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Institute of Chemistry University of Sargodha Sargodha Pakistan",
    "International Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Sciences The University of Lahore Lahore Pakistan",
    "Department of Zoology Hazara University Mansehra Pakistan",
    "Department of Zoology University of Mianwali Mianwali Punjab Pakistan",
    "Department of Botany Islamia College Peshawar Peshawar Pakistan",
    "Department of Botany University of Chakwal, Chakwal, Punjab, Pakistan",
    "Department of Chemistry Bacha Khan University, Charsadda Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan",
    "Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy Dicle University Diyarbakır Turkey",
    "Department of Horticulture Agricultural Faculty Ataturk University Erzurum Erzurum Turkiye"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 11,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Nasir Assad"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Muhammad Naeem‐ul‐Hassan"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Muhammad Fayyaz ur Rehman"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Yasir Assad"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Hansa Gul"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Marzia Batool Laila"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4,
        5
      ],
      "name": "Muhammad Nauman Khan",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-3790-0902"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Zahida Nasreen"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        6
      ],
      "name": "Muhammad Adnan"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        7
      ],
      "name": "Alevcan Kaplan"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        8
      ],
      "name": "Sezai Ercişli"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/0wm0xg52n04ys.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1002/cbdv.202502873",
  "fulltext_url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13698640/",
  "id": "0wm0xg52n04ys",
  "issns": [
    "1612-1872",
    "1612-1880"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.202502873",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Research Article"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "1110|Medicinal Plant Research"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7223675186",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13698640?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13698640",
  "pmid": "42929287",
  "published": "2026-10-01",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/0wm0xg52n04ys.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:19:29Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13698640",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.202502873"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:22:01Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42929287",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42929287"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biology",
      "origin": "openalex:1110|Medicinal Plant Research",
      "subfield": "plant-biology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Integrated Phylogenetic, Phytochemical, and In Silico Evaluation of Equisetum diffusum D. Don. Ethanolic Extract for Bioactivity",
  "title_text": "Integrated Phylogenetic, Phytochemical, and In Silico Evaluation of Equisetum diffusum D. Don. Ethanolic Extract for Bioactivity",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:35:28Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/0wm0xg52n04ys",
  "venue": "Chemistry & Biodiversity",
  "versions": []
}