{
  "abstract": "Advances in gastrointestinal (GI) cancer care have produced a growing population of long-term survivors at risk of second primary malignancies (SPMs). SPM definitions vary across studies, and SPMs remain underrepresented in cancer forecasting and prediction tools for GI cancer survivors. We conducted a narrative review across major GI cancer subtypes, summarizing site-specific SPM risk, key etiological pathways, and available prediction tools. Approximately one in ten colorectal cancer (CRC) survivors develops an SPM at ten years (pooled SIR ~1.15), a figure specific to CRC that does not generalize to other GI sites. Gastric cancer survivors carry excess risk of thyroid (O/E 2.00), esophageal, small intestinal, and pancreatic (O/E 1.60) malignancy, amplified by radiotherapy. Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma survivors show markedly elevated risk of upper aerodigestive tract tumors, consistent with field cancerization. Lynch syndrome (~16% second CRC risk at 10 years) and familial adenomatous polyposis (near-100% lifetime CRC risk without colectomy) confer some of the highest lifetime risks of metachronous GI malignancy reported to date. Most forecasting frameworks treat cancer incidence as a single event and do not adequately capture survivor-specific transitions, competing mortality, or germline susceptibility. GI cancer survivors form a distinct group whose risk is often overlooked. Harmonizing SPM definitions, extending multistate and competing-risk modeling, and integrating hereditary-risk stratification are near-term priorities for individualized surveillance.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    ", Scranton, PA 18505, USA; (J.Y.); (T.B.)",
    "Borland Groover, Baptist Medical Center-Downtown, Jacksonville, FL 32207, USA"
  ],
  "article_type": "review article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 3,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Jyoti Yadav"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Thomas Balizzakiwa"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Hemant Goyal"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/0xr7ksrx0aska.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/cancers18193195",
  "fulltext_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13664306/?tool=EBI",
  "id": "0xr7ksrx0aska",
  "issns": [
    "2072-6694"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13664306",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2713|Multiple and Secondary Primary Cancers"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7220387423",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13664306/pdf/?tool=EBI",
  "pmcid": "PMC13664306",
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-01",
  "publisher": "MDPI AG",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/0xr7ksrx0aska.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:17:35Z",
      "native_id": "PMC:PMC13664306",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13664306"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:19:58Z",
      "native_id": "10.3390/cancers18193195",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/18/19/3195"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2713|Multiple and Secondary Primary Cancers",
      "subfield": "epidemiology-public-health"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Second Primary Malignancies in Gastrointestinal Cancer Survivors: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Future Prediction Models",
  "title_text": "Second Primary Malignancies in Gastrointestinal Cancer Survivors: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Future Prediction Models",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:19:58Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/0xr7ksrx0aska",
  "venue": "Cancers",
  "versions": []
}