{
  "abstract": "Purpose: Primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG) is a leading cause of irreversible blindness in Asia. Although traditionally considered an anatomical ocular disorder, the contribution of systemic metabolic, vascular, and lifestyle factors to PACG development remains unclear.\n\nMethods: Using data from the China Kadoorie Biobank (CKB), involving 499,102 participants aged 30–79 years at baseline, we explored associations of 117 exposures, including socio-demographics, lifestyle patterns, medical history, and physical measurements, with probable PACG (prob PACG) incidence. Elastic-Net, XGboost, and Cox regression methods were employed.\n\nResults: Over a median follow-up of 15.7 years, 3266 incident prob PACG cases were ascertained. After correcting for multiple testing, 26 factors were independently associated with prob PACG. Age, female sex, and postmenopausal status showed the strongest positive associations with pro PACG. Notably, several markers of metabolic and vascular ageing—including diabetes, higher random plasma glucose, larger waist circumference, and elevated pulse pressure—were independently associated with higher risk, whereas BMI was inversely associated (all P < 0.01). In addition, daily intake of dairy products and daily preserved vegetables, and peptic ulcer were associated with a higher risk, while higher physical activity and weekly tea consumption were associated with lower risk. No significant associations were found for hypertension, SBP, or DBP with prob PACG.\n\nConclusions: Our findings suggest that PACG may be influenced not only by anatomical susceptibility but also by broader metabolic, vascular, and lifestyle factors. The clustering of several strong associations around markers of metabolic and vascular ageing provides new insights into PACG aetiology and may help identify priorities for future studies of risk stratification and prevention.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China",
    "Clinical Trial Service Unit & Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, United Kingdom",
    "Peking University Center for Public Health and Epidemic Preparedness & Response, Beijing, China",
    "Key Laboratory of Epidemiology of Major Diseases (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China",
    "Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China",
    "Beijing Key Laboratory of Ocular Disease and Optometry Science, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China",
    "Eye Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China",
    "Department of Ophthalmology, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China",
    "Department of Ophthalmology, Tong De Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China",
    "Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Eye & ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China",
    "Shanghai Medical College and Zhongshan Hospital Immunotherapy Translational Research Center, Shanghai, China",
    "NCDs Prevention and Control Department, Pengzhou CDC, Sichuan, China",
    "China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China",
    "State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, Beijing, China"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 24,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Zilun Shao"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Shuo Gong"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Charles Li"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        2,
        3
      ],
      "name": "Canqing Yu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Pei Pei"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Ling Yang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Yiping Chen"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4,
        5
      ],
      "name": "Enzhong Jin"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        6
      ],
      "name": "Ting Shen"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        7
      ],
      "name": "Jie Yu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        8
      ],
      "name": "Bin Wang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        9
      ],
      "name": "Zhi Chen"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        9,
        10
      ],
      "name": "Ruoyan Wei"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        11
      ],
      "name": "Jian Wang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Xiaoming Yang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        12
      ],
      "name": "Junshi Chen"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Zhengming Chen"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        9
      ],
      "name": "Xingtao Zhou"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2,
        3
      ],
      "name": "Yongyue Wei"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        2,
        3,
        13
      ],
      "name": "Jun Lv"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        2,
        3
      ],
      "name": "Liming Li"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Huaidong Du"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        2,
        3
      ],
      "name": "Dianjianyi Sun"
    },
    {
      "name": "on behalf of the China Kadoorie Biobank Collaborative Group"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/0yz8ze1kfqtck.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1016/j.apjo.2026.100378",
  "fulltext_url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13722677/",
  "id": "0yz8ze1kfqtck",
  "issns": [
    "2162-0989"
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  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apjo.2026.100378",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
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      "Article"
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      "2731|Glaucoma and retinal disorders"
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  "pdf_url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2162098926001040/pdf",
  "pmcid": "PMC13722677",
  "pmid": "42800676",
  "published": "2026-11-01",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/0yz8ze1kfqtck.ris",
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      "first_seen": "2026-11-04T12:21:27Z",
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  "subjects": [
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      "origin": "openalex:2731|Glaucoma and retinal disorders",
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  ],
  "title": "Risk factors of primary angle-closure glaucoma: An exposome-wide association study in the China Kadoorie Biobank",
  "title_text": "Risk factors of primary angle-closure glaucoma: An exposome-wide association study in the China Kadoorie Biobank",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-04T12:21:27Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/0yz8ze1kfqtck",
  "venue": "Asia-Pacific Journal of Ophthalmology (Philadelphia, Pa.)",
  "versions": []
}