{
  "abstract": "Background: The menopausal transition is frequently associated with affective symptoms, including irritability, which remains relatively understudied despite its clinical relevance. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) may influence affective symptoms through hormonal and metabolic mechanisms, including modulation of oxidative stress. However, the relationship between HRT and irritability in menopausal women remains poorly understood. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study of 84 women attending a menopause clinic between 2020 and 2025. Irritability was assessed using the single irritability item of the Greene Climacteric Scale. Associations between HRT use and irritability were explored using descriptive statistics, multivariable logistic regression, and exploratory predictive modelling controlling for age and clinical variables. Results: Approximately 27% of participants were receiving HRT. Descriptive analyses suggested higher HRT use among women reporting irritability compared with those without irritability. However, multivariable models did not confirm a statistically significant association between irritability and HRT use (OR = 1.66, p = 0.244). Age was the only variable significantly associated with HRT use (OR = 0.89, p = 0.009). Exploratory differences in psychopharmacological prescribing patterns did not reach statistical significance. Conclusions: In this clinical sample, irritability was a common symptom during the menopausal transition but was not significantly associated with HRT use. The medication-class findings were exploratory and did not establish an association with irritability. Larger longitudinal studies are needed to clarify the relationship between hormonal treatments and affective symptoms in menopause.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Mental Health and Addiction Services, Macedonio Melloni Hospital, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, 20129 Milan, Italy",
    "School of Industrial sEngineering, University Cattaneo (LIUC), 21053 Castellanza, Italy",
    "Intelligence, Complexity, and Technology Lab (ICT Lab), University Cattaneo (LIUC), 21053 Castellanza, Italy",
    "Department of Mental Health, Azienda Sanitaria Locale Napoli 1 Centro, 80125 Naples, Italy",
    "Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy",
    "Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences “Luigi Sacco”, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy",
    "“Aldo Ravelli” Center for Nanotechnology and Neurostimulation, University of Milan, 20142 Milan, Italy",
    "Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA",
    "Centro per lo Studio dei Meccanismi Molecolari alla Base delle Patologie Neuro-Psico-Geriatriche, University of Milan, 20129 Milan, Italy"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 13,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Miriam Olivola",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-0914-0539"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Andrea Agosta"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Antonella Consonni"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Roberta de Filippis"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Francesca Regispani"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Lucia Margherita Reina"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Vassilis Martiadis",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-3344-1000"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Gabriella Fantini"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Barbara Sanna"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Lucia Calò"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Erika Ciocca"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Roberta Anniverno"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        4,
        5,
        6,
        7,
        8
      ],
      "name": "Bernardo Maria Dell’Osso"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/107t351ngyawc.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/jcm15207956",
  "fulltext_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13705677/?tool=EBI",
  "id": "107t351ngyawc",
  "issns": [
    "2077-0383"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/15/20/7956",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2712|Menopause: Health Impacts and Treatments"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7221816351",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13705677/pdf/?tool=EBI",
  "pmcid": "PMC13705677",
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-01",
  "publisher": "MDPI AG",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/107t351ngyawc.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:20:00Z",
      "native_id": "10.3390/jcm15207956",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/15/20/7956"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:21:47Z",
      "native_id": "PMC:PMC13705677",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13705677"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2712|Menopause: Health Impacts and Treatments",
      "subfield": "endocrinology-metabolism"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Irritability and Hormone Replacement Therapy in Women Attending a Menopause Clinic: A Cross-Sectional Study",
  "title_text": "Irritability and Hormone Replacement Therapy in Women Attending a Menopause Clinic: A Cross-Sectional Study",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:21:47Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/107t351ngyawc",
  "venue": "Journal of Clinical Medicine",
  "versions": []
}