{
  "abstract": "Welding temperature affects the structure and performance of polyethylene (PE) butt-fusion joints. PE100 DN200 SDR11 joints were prepared at six temperatures (150–300 °C), with pressure, heating time, and changeover time held constant. Microwave line-scan signals over 6–14 GHz were acquired, and the normalized weld-to-background amplitude contrast (NWBCA), the complex spectral difference root mean square (CSD-RMS), and the background-corrected CSD-RMS (BG-CSD-RMS) were calculated. Macroscopic bead measurements, scanning electron microscopy, and tensile fracture observations provided complementary evidence. Relative to the 230 °C reference, both complex spectral metrics increased toward the low- and high-temperature conditions. NWBCA rose from 0.037 at 150 °C to 0.143 at 230 °C and fell to 0.094 at 300 °C. The 150 °C specimens fractured in a brittle manner in the weld, whereas the 300 °C specimens fractured in a ductile manner in the heat-affected region. Similar spectral deviations therefore accompanied different fracture behaviors. Overall, the three metrics described temperature-dependent joint responses within this specimen series and could serve as a basis for screening deviations from the nominal welding-temperature window.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "School of Quality and Technical Supervision, Hebei University, Baoding 071000, China",
    "Hebei Special Equipment Supervision and Inspection Research Institute, Shijiazhuang 050061, China",
    "China Special Equipment Inspection and Research Institute, Beijing 100029, China"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 3,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Jiao Shi"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Gongtian Shen"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Kexue Jing"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/10vq3kzhdtjva.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/polym18212734",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "10vq3kzhdtjva",
  "issns": [
    "2073-4360"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/18/21/2734",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [],
  "openalex": null,
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-11-03",
  "publisher": "MDPI AG",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/10vq3kzhdtjva.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-04T00:24:10Z",
      "native_id": "10.3390/polym18212734",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/18/21/2734"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "chemistry",
      "origin": "issn:2073-4360",
      "subfield": "materials-polymers"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Temperature-Dependent Microwave Responses of Polyethylene Pipe Butt-Fusion Joints",
  "title_text": "Temperature-Dependent Microwave Responses of Polyethylene Pipe Butt-Fusion Joints",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-05T00:20:53Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/10vq3kzhdtjva",
  "venue": "Polymers",
  "versions": []
}