{ "abstract": "Obesity is a chronic, recurrent, and heterogeneous disease whose effective treatment requires an approach that goes beyond assessment of body mass index and short-term weight loss. Contemporary management should integrate assessment of adipose tissue distribution and function, obesity phenotype, complications, and cardiometabolic risk with individualized nutritional, behavioral, pharmacological, and—if appropriate—surgical interventions. This paper presents the ADIPO–CARE Plan, a practical, structured model for the comprehensive assessment and long-term treatment of people living with obesity. The model comprises two interconnected stages. The ADIPO defines a comprehensive clinical assessment process: A—Assess adiposity, which includes assessing the degree and distribution of excess adipose tissue; D—Define obesity phenotype, which aims to identify the clinical phenotype of obesity; I—Identify complications, which includes detecting obesity-related diseases and complications; P—Profile cardiometabolic risk, which serves to determine global cardiometabolic risk and disease severity; and O—Overall treatment goals, defining individual, realistic therapeutic goals that go beyond weight loss. The second phase, CARE, organizes the treatment and long-term follow-up strategy: C—Comprehensive lifestyle intervention, with particular emphasis on nutritional therapy, physical activity, behavioral interventions, and lifestyle modifications; A—Anti-obesity pharmacotherapy, encompassing the rational use of pharmacotherapy as a complement to lifestyle interventions; R—Response-guided treatment optimization, involving systematic assessment of response and intensification or modification of therapy; and E—Evaluate long-term effectiveness, focusing on maintenance of effects, safety, adherence, relapse prevention, and long-term disease control. The ADIPO–CARE Plan proposes a shift from an approach focused primarily on body weight to a model focused on phenotype, risks, complications, and long-term health benefits. This framework can facilitate the systematization of clinical decisions and the integration of nutritional therapy with other elements of modern, personalized obesity therapy.", "abstract_shown": true, "affiliations": [ "Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-752 Katowice, Poland", "Department of Internal Diseases and Cardiac Rehabilitation, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland", "Mount Sinai Fuster Heart Hospital, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA", "Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial Centre for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK", "Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston Salem, NC 27157, USA", "Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy", "Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK", "Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark", "Department of Cardiology, Lipidology and Internal Medicine with Intensive Coronary Care Unit, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland", "Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy", "Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Ulmenweg 18, 91054 Erlangen, Germany", "Department of Hypertension and Diabetology, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland", "Department of Endocrinology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Ceglowska 8-, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland" ], "article_type": null, "arxiv": null, "author_total": 11, "authors": [ { "affs": [ 0 ], "name": "Stanisław Surma", "orcid": "0000-0001-8073-6664" }, { "affs": [ 1 ], "name": "Marcin Barylski", "orcid": "0000-0001-7245-9724" }, { "affs": [ 2 ], "name": "Deepak L. Bhatt", "orcid": "0000-0002-1278-6245" }, { "affs": [ 3 ], "name": "Kausik K. Ray" }, { "affs": [ 4 ], "name": "Michael D. Shapiro", "orcid": "0000-0002-9071-3287" }, { "affs": [ 5 ], "name": "Giuseppe Mancia" }, { "affs": [ 6, 7, 8 ], "name": "Gregory Y. H. Lip", "orcid": "0000-0002-7566-1626" }, { "affs": [ 9 ], "name": "Claudio Borghi", "orcid": "0000-0001-8039-8781" }, { "affs": [ 10 ], "name": "Roland E. Schmieder" }, { "affs": [ 11 ], "name": "Krzysztof Narkiewicz", "orcid": "0000-0001-5949-5018" }, { "affs": [ 12 ], "name": "Alina Kuryłowicz" } ], "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/143dn5rhckdrq.bib", "cited_by": 0, "doi": "10.3390/nu18213662", "fulltext_url": null, "id": "143dn5rhckdrq", "issns": [ "2072-6643" ], "landing_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/18/21/3662", "language": null, "licence": "CC-BY-4.0", "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_source": "article", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "metadata_licence": null, "native_subjects": [], "openalex": null, "pdf_url": null, "pmcid": null, "pmid": null, "published": "2026-11-04", "publisher": "MDPI AG", "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/143dn5rhckdrq.ris", "sources": [ { "first_seen": "2026-11-05T00:21:09Z", "native_id": "10.3390/nu18213662", "source": "crossref", "url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/18/21/3662" } ], "subjects": [ { "field": "medicine", "origin": "issn:2072-6643", "subfield": "nutrition" } ], "title": "The ADIPO-CARE Plan: A Comprehensive Implementation Framework for the Diagnosis and Management of People Living with Obesity—Experts’ Proposal", "title_text": "The ADIPO-CARE Plan: A Comprehensive Implementation Framework for the Diagnosis and Management of People Living with Obesity—Experts’ Proposal", "type": "peer-reviewed", "updated_at": "2026-11-06T00:21:24Z", "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/143dn5rhckdrq", "venue": "Nutrients", "versions": [] }