{
  "abstract": "Introduction\n\nPrimary healthcare nurses deliver most routine diabetes contact, yet regional studies rarely test whether nurses self-rated confidence matches objective knowledge. This study assessed diabetes knowledge, self-efficacy, and satisfaction among primary care nurses, and examined concordance between knowledge and self-rated confidence.Methods\n\nThis cross-sectional study was conducted among primary care nurses at 11 primary health centers in Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia. A structured questionnaire combining a 36-item diabetes knowledge test and 17-item self-efficacy scale (5-point Likert) was piloted on 10 respondents (Cronbach's alpha=0.948) before administration to the main analytic sample of 100 nurses. Knowledge and self-efficacy scores were compared using Spearman correlation, Mann-Whitney U, and Kruskal-Wallis tests (p<0.05).Results\n\nMean knowledge score was 53.7% (SD 18.9); 59% had poor knowledge (<60% correct). Self-efficacy was moderate-to-high overall (mean 3.66/5). Knowledge and self-efficacy scores were only weakly-to-moderately correlated (Spearman's rho=0.38, p<0.001); 33% of nurses showed knowledge-confidence discordance (20% underconfident, 13% overconfident). Prior diabetes-specific training was associated with significantly higher self-efficacy (p=0.005) but not objective knowledge (p=0.47). Qualification level was associated with knowledge scores on univariate analysis (p=0.016) but not after adjusting for training, experience, and chronic-unit exposure (p=0.088). Glucagon injection technique was the lowest-rated competency (mean 2.57/5); satisfaction with training received was low (mean 2.24/5) and uncorrelated with objective knowledge (p=0.48).Conclusion\n\nPrimary care nurses show a measurable disconnect between diabetes-related confidence and objective knowledge: existing training is associated with strengthened self-assurance without a proportional association with improved knowledge. Structured, competency-verified training targeting glucagon administration and Ramadan-specific counseling is needed to close this gap and safeguard patient outcomes.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Family Medicine, Khobar Health Network, Eastern Cluster, Ministry of Health, Al Khobar, SAU.",
    "Nursing, Khobar Health Network, Eastern Cluster, Ministry of Health, Al Khobar, SAU."
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 5,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Ayat Ali Al Ali"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Abdulrahman Fouad Alkhateeb"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Sanaa Sadiq Alsaad"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Abdullah Albahussain"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Ahlam Saeed Almadhi"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/14hsv25h75136.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.7759/cureus.116567",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13680882",
  "id": "14hsv25h75136",
  "issns": [
    "2168-8184"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42903511",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2712|Diabetes Management and Education"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7213762670",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13680882?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13680882",
  "pmid": "42903511",
  "published": "2026-09-20",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/14hsv25h75136.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:19:57Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42903511",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42903511"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2712|Diabetes Management and Education",
      "subfield": "endocrinology-metabolism"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Diabetes Care Knowledge-Practice Gap Among Primary Healthcare Nurses in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Assessment of Competency and Training Needs.",
  "title_text": "Diabetes Care Knowledge-Practice Gap Among Primary Healthcare Nurses in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Assessment of Competency and Training Needs.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:19:57Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/14hsv25h75136",
  "venue": "Cureus",
  "versions": []
}