{
  "abstract": "Extremely preterm (EPT) birth (<28 weeks' gestation) disrupts brain maturation and increases later neurodevelopmental and mental health vulnerability. Temporal irreversibility quantifies directional brain dynamics, capturing the temporal organization of brain function. We examined whether EPT birth alters temporal irreversibility at 10 years and its association with cognition at 12 years. Resting-state functional MRI was acquired at 10 years of age in 33 children born EPT and 26 term-born controls. At 12 years of age, 29 children born EPT and 21 term-born controls underwent cognitive assessment using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fifth edition (WISC-V). Temporal irreversibility was quantified globally, across large-scale functional networks (visual, somatomotor, dorsal attention, salience, limbic, control, and default mode [DMN]), and at the node level using the INSIDEOUT framework. Children born EPT showed reduced temporal irreversibility globally and in higher-order association networks (control and DMN, P < 0.01; dorsal attention and salience, P < 0.05). Node-level analyses identified two association-network parcels that remained significant after false discovery rate correction (left precuneus and right dorsomedial frontal cortices). Within the EPT group, fluid reasoning was the only WISC-V domain significantly associated with temporal irreversibility, with higher global irreversibility associated with poorer fluid reasoning. These findings may inform future neurodevelopmental monitoring and intervention strategies after prematurity.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Tomtebodavägen 18A, Stockholm S-171 77, Sweden.",
    "Computational Neuroscience Group, Center for Brain and Cognition, Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Roc Boronat 138, 08018, Barcelona, Spain.",
    "Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Warneford Ln, Oxford OX3 7JX, Storbritannien, United Kingdom.",
    "Center for Music in the Brain, Aarhus University Hospital Nørrebrogade 44, Building 10G, 4th and 5th floor, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.",
    "Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clinic, Universidad de Barcelona and Institut D'investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Villarroel 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.",
    "Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Av. Monforte de Lemos 3-5, Pabellón 11, Planta 0, 28029 Madrid, Spain.",
    "School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.",
    "Institució Catalana de la Recerca i Estudis Avancats (ICREA), Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.",
    "Department of Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute for human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstraße 1A, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.",
    "Department of Neonatology, Karolinska University Hospital, Eugeniavägen 23, SE-171 64, Stockholm, Sweden.",
    "Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Campus US, 581 83, Linköping, Sweden."
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 7,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Nelly Padilla",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-7428-2691"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Anira Escrichs"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Elvira Del Agua",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-9193-0216"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2,
        3
      ],
      "name": "Morten Kringelbach"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4,
        5
      ],
      "name": "Antonio Donaire"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1,
        6,
        7,
        8
      ],
      "name": "Gustavo Deco"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        9,
        10
      ],
      "name": "Ulrika Åden"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/14jp0zyfmf71n.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1093/cercor/bhag174",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13677789",
  "id": "14jp0zyfmf71n",
  "issns": [
    "1047-3211",
    "1460-2199"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42894380",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2735|Infant Development and Preterm Care"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7222983697",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13677789?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13677789",
  "pmid": "42894380",
  "published": "2026-10-01",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/14jp0zyfmf71n.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:19:37Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42894380",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42894380"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2735|Infant Development and Preterm Care",
      "subfield": "reproductive-child"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Temporal brain dynamics and fluid reasoning after extreme prematurity.",
  "title_text": "Temporal brain dynamics and fluid reasoning after extreme prematurity.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:19:37Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/14jp0zyfmf71n",
  "venue": "Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)",
  "versions": []
}