{
  "abstract": "Acrolein (ACR) and glyoxal (GO) are highly reactive carbonyls originating from endogenous metabolism, environmental pollution, and thermal food processing. This study compares the toxic mechanisms and redox effects of a 24 h exposure to ACR (30, 60, 90 µM) and GO (2, 5, 10 mM) in PBMCs. We assessed cell viability, lipid membrane fluidity, reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS), free protein functional groups, reduced glutathione (GSH), non-enzymatic antioxidant capacity (NEAC), antioxidant enzyme activity (CAT, GPx), and protein expression levels (CAT, SOD1). Both aldehydes reduced viability in a concentration-dependent manner (ACR was over 30-fold more toxic than GO based on viability curves). These toxins increased membrane fluidity near the surface, while GO also altered the hydrophobic core. Both triggered a profound accumulation of ROS/RNS. At specific dose thresholds (ACR ≥ 60 µM; GO ≥ 5 mM), both toxins depleted GSH and NEAC, decreased protein thiol/amino groups, and suppressed CAT/GPx catalytic activity and CAT/SOD1 protein expression. In conclusion, ACR emerged as a markedly more potent inducer of oxidative stress and antioxidant failure than GO in PBMCs, disrupting both non-enzymatic (GSH, NEAC) and enzymatic (CAT, GPx, SOD1) defenses. These results support prioritizing ACR in exposure risk assessments and developing biomarkers of carbonyl-induced immune dysfunction.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Oncobiology and Epigenetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, ul. Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland.",
    "Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Lodz, 90-236 Lodz, Poland."
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 4,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Michal Kopera",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-6875-1423"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Malgorzata Adamkiewicz"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Joanna Bernasinska-Slomczewska",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-1915-9834"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Anna Pieniazek",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-5061-1596"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/14jyv27v256v3.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/ijms27198706",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13665209",
  "id": "14jyv27v256v3",
  "issns": [
    "1422-0067"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42883950",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2704|Antioxidant Activity and Oxidative Stress"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7214712156",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13665209?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13665209",
  "pmid": "42883950",
  "published": "2026-09-29",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/14jyv27v256v3.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:19:16Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42883950",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42883950"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2704|Antioxidant Activity and Oxidative Stress",
      "subfield": "general"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Comparative Effects of Acrolein and Glyoxal on Redox Homeostasis, Antioxidant Defense and Membrane Properties in Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells: An In Vitro Study.",
  "title_text": "Comparative Effects of Acrolein and Glyoxal on Redox Homeostasis, Antioxidant Defense and Membrane Properties in Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells: An In Vitro Study.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:19:16Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/14jyv27v256v3",
  "venue": "International journal of molecular sciences",
  "versions": []
}