{
  "abstract": "Introduction: Infection with SARS-CoV-2 during pregnancy increases the risk for adverse events in mothers and newborns. Research is increasingly exploring potential consequences of intrauterine exposure to the developing nervous system. However, there is still a lack of high-quality studies on long-term outcomes. The CRONOS-Kids study aims to investigate the global development of children after exposure to SARS-CoV-2 in utero in comparison to an unexposed control group. This paper outlines the CRONOS-Kids study protocol.\n\nMethods: The study is designed as a prospective population-based cohort study and will recruit children aged 36–60 months at the time of assessment. The exposed cohort will be recruited from the German CRONOS registry and will include only children who have been exposed to the Alpha and Delta variants of SARS-CoV-2. The unexposed cohort will be recruited by local pediatricians and via social media. For clinical evaluations, the Movement Assessment Battery for Children, 2 nd Edition will be used. Parental self-reports on development will use the Ages and Stages Questionnaire, 3 rd Edition. Additional questionnaires cover information about maternal and child health, vaccinations, healthcare usage, media consumption, and maternal quality of life. Until April 2026, we aim to recruit 125 exposed and 125 unexposed children across five study sites.\n\nDiscussion: The CRONOS-Kids study will explore the impact of intrauterine SARS-CoV-2 exposure to specific virus variants on long-term neurologic outcomes in children as well as broader consequences of the pandemic.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Neonatology and Pediatric Intensive CareDepartment of Pediatrics University of Marburg Marburg Germany",
    "Faculty of Medicine University of Marburg Marburg Germany",
    "Clinic of Gynecology and Obstetrics University of Marburg Marburg Germany",
    "Obstetrics Jena University Hospital Jena Germany",
    "Neuropediatrics, Department of Pediatrics Jena University Hospital Jena Germany",
    "Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyFaculty of Medicine University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany",
    "Department of General PediatricsAdolescent Medicine and Neonatology, Faculty of Medicine University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany",
    "Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel Kiel Germany",
    "Department for Neonatology, Pediatric Pneumology and Neuropediatrics (Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine II) University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein – Campus Kiel Kiel Germany",
    "Saxonian Centre for Feto/Neonatal Health Dresden University Hospital Dresden Germany",
    "Obstetrics and Gynecology Universität Würzburg Würzburg Germany",
    "Department of Pediatrics University of Marburg Marburg Germany"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 18,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Nadine Mand",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-5973-3311"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Franziska König"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Mirjam Wege"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Anna-Lena Cares"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Tamée Ersfeld"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Ines Simone Wallot"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Charlotte Hahn"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Corinna Nora Keil",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-1455-1319"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Janine Zöllkau"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Daniela Steuernagel"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5
      ],
      "name": "Mirjam Kunze"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        6
      ],
      "name": "Martin Kuntz",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-8231-2838"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        7
      ],
      "name": "Kristin Andresen"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        8
      ],
      "name": "Ann Carolin Longardt"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        9
      ],
      "name": "Lars Mense"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        10
      ],
      "name": "Ulrich Pecks"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        9
      ],
      "name": "Mario Ruediger",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-7498-1209"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        11
      ],
      "name": "Stefanie Weber"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/14z2xvy5zerda.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1055/a-2861-0938",
  "fulltext_url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13730751/",
  "id": "14z2xvy5zerda",
  "issns": [
    "0948-2393",
    "1439-1651"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1055/a-2861-0938",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC-ND-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC-ND 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Original Article"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2729|COVID-19 Impact on Reproduction"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W4417145544",
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": "PMC13730751",
  "pmid": "42155474",
  "published": "2026-05-19",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/14z2xvy5zerda.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-07T12:23:14Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13730751",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1055/a-2861-0938"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2729|COVID-19 Impact on Reproduction",
      "subfield": "reproductive-child"
    }
  ],
  "title": "From CRONOS to CRONOS-Kids: Investigating Neurological Development in Toddlers After Maternal SARS-CoV-2 Infection During Pregnancy – A Study Protocol For A Prospective Cohort Study",
  "title_text": "From CRONOS to CRONOS-Kids: Investigating Neurological Development in Toddlers After Maternal SARS-CoV-2 Infection During Pregnancy – A Study Protocol For A Prospective Cohort Study",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-07T12:23:14Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/14z2xvy5zerda",
  "venue": "Zeitschrift Fur Geburtshilfe Und Neonatologie",
  "versions": []
}