{
  "abstract": "Objective: This study examined the association between clothing type and observed behavior among Muslim boys attending mosque worship during Ramadan in Indonesia.\n\nMethods and Materials: A naturalistic observational study was conducted across eight semi-urban Indonesian mosques during ten consecutive Ramadan days. A total of 1,391 child-presence episodes involving boys approximately 6–9 years old were recorded. Clothing was classified as religious or casual, and predominant behavior as calm or disruptive. Associations were examined using Pearson’s chi-square test, Cramér’s V, and the contingency coefficient. Two parent interviews provided contextual information.\n\nFindings: Calm behavior was observed in 409 of 630 episodes (64.9%) involving religious clothing, compared with 198 of 761 episodes (26.0%) involving casual clothing. Conversely, disruptive behavior occurred in 35.1% and 74.0% of episodes, respectively. The association between clothing type and behavior was statistically significant under the independence assumption, χ²(1, N = 1,391) = 212.08, nominal p < .001, with a moderate association magnitude (Cramér’s V = .390; contingency coefficient = .364). However, repeated observations of unidentified children and unaccounted mosque-level clustering limit the precision of inferential estimates.\n\nConclusion: Religious clothing was associated with a higher observed proportion of calm behavior during mosque worship. The findings do not establish causality, given potential repeated observations, unmeasured confounders, and unavailable interobserver reliability estimates.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "KID-ABA Autism NDD Center, Indonesia.",
    "Universitas Lambung Mangkurat, Banjarmasin, Indonesia.",
    "Faculty of Master of Management, University of Gajayana Malang, Indonesia.",
    "Universitas Islam Negeri Fatmawati Sukarno Bengkulu, Indonesia.",
    "Universitas Stikubank, Semarang, Indonesia.",
    "UIN Sunan Kalijaga, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.",
    "Universitas Veteran Bangun Nusantara, Indonesia.",
    "Universitas IPWIJA, Bogor, Indonesia."
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 8,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Arneliza",
      "orcid": "0009-0000-2205-2838"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Ellisa Vikalista",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-6431-5832"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Tri Cicik Wijayanti",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-3183-4529"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Asnaini"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Imam Husni Al Amin",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-4998-5456"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5
      ],
      "name": "Siti Rohaya",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-5682-176X"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        6
      ],
      "name": "Dewi Kusumaningsih"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        7
      ],
      "name": "Ja'far Amir",
      "orcid": "0009-0000-5085-3237"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/15gvqngvcp5hb.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.61838/ijbmc.v13i11.1406",
  "fulltext_url": "https://ijbmc.org/index.php/ijbmc/article/view/1406",
  "id": "15gvqngvcp5hb",
  "issns": [
    "2345-5802"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.61838/ijbmc.v13i11.1406",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC",
  "licence_source": "journal",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "lcc",
      "R5-920"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": null,
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-11-01",
  "publisher": "Vesnu Publications",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/15gvqngvcp5hb.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-01T14:21:26Z",
      "native_id": "c20c31c0b4e64e2a9851ec76ab225995",
      "source": "doaj",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.61838/ijbmc.v13i11.1406"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "lcc:R5-920",
      "subfield": "general"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Association Between Clothing Type and Observed Behavior among Boys During Mosque Worship in Indonesia",
  "title_text": "Association Between Clothing Type and Observed Behavior among Boys During Mosque Worship in Indonesia",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-03T14:20:53Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/15gvqngvcp5hb",
  "venue": "International Journal of Body, Mind and Culture",
  "versions": []
}